Appendix: Glossary - The Cargo Book

# Glossary

### Artifact

An artifact is the file or set of files created as a result of the compilation process. This includes linkable libraries and executable binaries.

### Crate

Every target in a package is a crate. Crates are either libraries or executable binaries. It may loosely refer to either the source code of the target, or the compiled artifact that the target produces. A crate may also refer to a compressed package fetched from a registry.

### Edition

A Rust edition is a developmental landmark of the Rust language. The edition of a package is specified in the `Cargo.toml` manifest, and individual targets can specify which edition they use. See the Edition Guide for more information.

### Feature

The meaning of feature depends on the context:

- A feature is a named flag which allows for conditional compilation. A feature can refer to an optional dependency, or an arbitrary name defined in a `Cargo.toml` manifest that can be checked within source code.

- Cargo has unstable feature flags which can be used to enable experimental behavior of Cargo itself.

- The Rust compiler and Rustdoc have their own unstable feature flags (see The Unstable Book and The Rustdoc Book).

- CPU targets have target features which specify capabilities of a CPU.

### Index

The index is the searchable list of crates in a registry.

### Lock file

The `Cargo.lock` lock file is a file that captures the exact version of every dependency used in a workspace or package. It is automatically generated by Cargo. See Cargo.toml vs Cargo.lock.

### Manifest

A manifest is a description of a package or a workspace in a file named `Cargo.toml`.

A virtual manifest is a `Cargo.toml` file that only describes a workspace, and does not include a package.

### Member

A member is a package that belongs to a workspace.

### Package

A package is a collection of source files and a `Cargo.toml` manifest which describes the package. A package has a name and version which is used for specifying dependencies between packages. A package contains multiple targets, which are either libraries or executable binaries.

The package root is the directory where the package's `Cargo.toml` manifest is located.

The package ID specification, or SPEC, is a string used to uniquely reference a specific version of a package from a specific source.

### Project

Another name for a package.

### Registry

A registry is a service that contains a collection of downloadable crates that can be installed or used as dependencies for a package. The default registry is crates.io. The registry has an index which contains a list of all crates, and tells Cargo how to download the crates that are needed.

### Source

A source is a provider that contains crates that may be included as dependencies for a package. There are several kinds of sources:

- Registry source — See registry.
- Local registry source — A set of crates stored as compressed files on the filesystem. See Local Registry Sources.
- Directory source — A set of crates stored as uncompressed files on the filesystem. See Directory Sources.
- Path source — An individual package located on the filesystem (such as a path dependency) or a set of multiple packages (such as path overrides).
- Git source — Packages located in a git repository (such as a git dependency or git source).

See Source Replacement for more information.

### Spec

See package ID specification.

### Target

The meaning of the term target depends on the context:

- Cargo Target — Cargo packages consist of targets which correspond to artifacts that will be produced. Packages can have library, binary, example, test, and benchmark targets. The list of targets are configured in the `Cargo.toml` manifest, often inferred automatically by the directory layout of the source files.

- Target Directory — Cargo places all built artifacts and intermediate files in the target directory. By default this is a directory named `target` at the workspace root, or the package root if not using a workspace. The directory may be changed with the `--target-dir` command-line option, the `CARGO_TARGET_DIR` environment variable, or the `build.target-dir` config option.

- Target Architecture — The OS and machine architecture for the built artifacts are typically referred to as a target.

- Target Triple — A triple is a specific format for specifying a target architecture. Triples may be referred to as a target triple which is the architecture for the artifact produced, and the host triple which is the architecture that the compiler is running on. The target triple can be specified with the `--target` command-line option or the `build.target` config option. The general format of the triple is `<arch><sub>-<vendor>-<sys>-<abi>` where:

  - `arch` = The base CPU architecture, for example `x86_64`, `i686`, `arm`, `thumb`, `mips`, etc.
  - `sub` = The CPU sub-architecture, for example `arm` has `v7`, `v7s`, `v5te`, etc.
  - `vendor` = The vendor, for example `unknown`, `apple`, `pc`, `linux`, etc.
  - `sys` = The system name, for example `linux`, `windows`, etc. `none` is typically used for bare-metal without an OS.
  - `abi` = The ABI, for example `gnu`, `android`, `eabi`, etc.

  Some parameters may be omitted. Run `rustc --print target-list` for a list of supported targets.

### Test Targets

Cargo test targets generate binaries which help verify proper operation and correctness of code. There are two types of test artifacts:

- Unit test — A unit test is an executable binary compiled directly from a library or a binary target. It contains the entire contents of the library or binary code, and runs `#[test]` annotated functions, intended to verify individual units of code.
- Integration test target — An integration test target is an executable binary compiled from a test target which is a distinct crate whose source is located in the `tests` directory or specified by the `[[test]]` table in the `Cargo.toml` manifest. It is intended to only test the public API of a library, or execute a binary to verify its operation.

### Workspace

A workspace is a collection of one or more packages that share common dependency resolution (with a shared `Cargo.lock`), output directory, and various settings such as profiles.

A virtual workspace is a workspace where the root `Cargo.toml` manifest does not define a package, and only lists the workspace members.

The workspace root is the directory where the workspace's `Cargo.toml` manifest is located.