macros.rs.html -- source
Description: Source to the Rust file `src\libstd\macros.rs`.
Keywords: rust, rustlang, rust-lang

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    //! Standard library macros
    //!
    //! This modules contains a set of macros which are exported from the standard
    //! library. Each macro is available for use when linking against the standard
    //! library.

    #[doc(include = "../libcore/macros/panic.md")]
    #[macro_export]
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[allow_internal_unstable(libstd_sys_internals)]
    macro_rules! panic {
        () => ({ $crate::panic!("explicit panic") });
        ($msg:expr) => ({ $crate::rt::begin_panic($msg) });
        ($msg:expr,) => ({ $crate::panic!($msg) });
        ($fmt:expr, $($arg:tt)+) => ({
            $crate::rt::begin_panic_fmt(&$crate::format_args!($fmt, $($arg)+))
        });
    }

    /// Prints to the standard output.
    ///
    /// Equivalent to the [`println!`] macro except that a newline is not printed at
    /// the end of the message.
    ///
    /// Note that stdout is frequently line-buffered by default so it may be
    /// necessary to use [`io::stdout().flush()`][flush] to ensure the output is emitted
    /// immediately.
    ///
    /// Use `print!` only for the primary output of your program. Use
    /// [`eprint!`] instead to print error and progress messages.
    ///
    /// [`println!`]: ../std/macro.println.html
    /// [flush]: ../std/io/trait.Write.html#tymethod.flush
    /// [`eprint!`]: ../std/macro.eprint.html
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Panics if writing to `io::stdout()` fails.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// use std::io::{self, Write};
    ///
    /// print!("this ");
    /// print!("will ");
    /// print!("be ");
    /// print!("on ");
    /// print!("the ");
    /// print!("same ");
    /// print!("line ");
    ///
    /// io::stdout().flush().unwrap();
    ///
    /// print!("this string has a newline, why not choose println! instead?\n");
    ///
    /// io::stdout().flush().unwrap();
    /// ```
    #[macro_export]
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[allow_internal_unstable(print_internals)]
    macro_rules! print {
        ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::io::_print($crate::format_args!($($arg)*)));
    }

    /// Prints to the standard output, with a newline.
    ///
    /// On all platforms, the newline is the LINE FEED character (`\n`/`U+000A`) alone
    /// (no additional CARRIAGE RETURN (`\r`/`U+000D`)).
    ///
    /// Use the [`format!`] syntax to write data to the standard output.
    /// See [`std::fmt`] for more information.
    ///
    /// Use `println!` only for the primary output of your program. Use
    /// [`eprintln!`] instead to print error and progress messages.
    ///
    /// [`format!`]: ../std/macro.format.html
    /// [`std::fmt`]: ../std/fmt/index.html
    /// [`eprintln!`]: ../std/macro.eprintln.html
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Panics if writing to `io::stdout` fails.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// println!(); // prints just a newline
    /// println!("hello there!");
    /// println!("format {} arguments", "some");
    /// ```
    #[macro_export]
    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
    #[allow_internal_unstable(print_internals, format_args_nl)]
    macro_rules! println {
        () => ($crate::print!("\n"));
        ($($arg:tt)*) => ({
            $crate::io::_print($crate::format_args_nl!($($arg)*));
        })
    }

    /// Prints to the standard error.
    ///
    /// Equivalent to the [`print!`] macro, except that output goes to
    /// [`io::stderr`] instead of `io::stdout`. See [`print!`] for
    /// example usage.
    ///
    /// Use `eprint!` only for error and progress messages. Use `print!`
    /// instead for the primary output of your program.
    ///
    /// [`io::stderr`]: ../std/io/struct.Stderr.html
    /// [`print!`]: ../std/macro.print.html
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Panics if writing to `io::stderr` fails.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// eprint!("Error: Could not complete task");
    /// ```
    #[macro_export]
    #[stable(feature = "eprint", since = "1.19.0")]
    #[allow_internal_unstable(print_internals)]
    macro_rules! eprint {
        ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::io::_eprint($crate::format_args!($($arg)*)));
    }

    /// Prints to the standard error, with a newline.
    ///
    /// Equivalent to the [`println!`] macro, except that output goes to
    /// [`io::stderr`] instead of `io::stdout`. See [`println!`] for
    /// example usage.
    ///
    /// Use `eprintln!` only for error and progress messages. Use `println!`
    /// instead for the primary output of your program.
    ///
    /// [`io::stderr`]: ../std/io/struct.Stderr.html
    /// [`println!`]: ../std/macro.println.html
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Panics if writing to `io::stderr` fails.
    ///
    /// # Examples
    ///
    /// ```
    /// eprintln!("Error: Could not complete task");
    /// ```
    #[macro_export]
    #[stable(feature = "eprint", since = "1.19.0")]
    #[allow_internal_unstable(print_internals, format_args_nl)]
    macro_rules! eprintln {
        () => ($crate::eprint!("\n"));
        ($($arg:tt)*) => ({
            $crate::io::_eprint($crate::format_args_nl!($($arg)*));
        })
    }

    /// Prints and returns the value of a given expression for quick and dirty
    /// debugging.
    ///
    /// An example:
    ///
    /// ```rust
    /// let a = 2;
    /// let b = dbg!(a * 2) + 1;
    /// //      ^-- prints: [src/main.rs:2] a * 2 = 4
    /// assert_eq!(b, 5);
    /// ```
    ///
    /// The macro works by using the `Debug` implementation of the type of
    /// the given expression to print the value to [stderr] along with the
    /// source location of the macro invocation as well as the source code
    /// of the expression.
    ///
    /// Invoking the macro on an expression moves and takes ownership of it
    /// before returning the evaluated expression unchanged. If the type
    /// of the expression does not implement `Copy` and you don't want
    /// to give up ownership, you can instead borrow with `dbg!(&expr)`
    /// for some expression `expr`.
    ///
    /// The `dbg!` macro works exactly the same in release builds.
    /// This is useful when debugging issues that only occur in release
    /// builds or when debugging in release mode is significantly faster.
    ///
    /// Note that the macro is intended as a debugging tool and therefore you
    /// should avoid having uses of it in version control for long periods.
    /// Use cases involving debug output that should be added to version control
    /// are better served by macros such as [`debug!`] from the [`log`] crate.
    ///
    /// # Stability
    ///
    /// The exact output printed by this macro should not be relied upon
    /// and is subject to future changes.
    ///
    /// # Panics
    ///
    /// Panics if writing to `io::stderr` fails.
    ///
    /// # Further examples
    ///
    /// With a method call:
    ///
    /// ```rust
    /// fn foo(n: usize) {
    ///     if let Some(_) = dbg!(n.checked_sub(4)) {
    ///         // ...
    ///     }
    /// }
    ///
    /// foo(3)
    /// ```
    ///
    /// This prints to [stderr]:
    ///
    /// ```text,ignore
    /// [src/main.rs:4] n.checked_sub(4) = None
    /// ```
    ///
    /// Naive factorial implementation:
    ///
    /// ```rust
    /// fn factorial(n: u32) -> u32 {
    ///     if dbg!(n <= 1) {
    ///         dbg!(1)
    ///     } else {
    ///         dbg!(n * factorial(n - 1))
    ///     }
    /// }
    ///
    /// dbg!(factorial(4));
    /// ```
    ///
    /// This prints to [stderr]:
    ///
    /// ```text,ignore
    /// [src/main.rs:3] n <= 1 = false
    /// [src/main.rs:3] n <= 1 = false
    /// [src/main.rs:3] n <= 1 = false
    /// [src/main.rs:3] n <= 1 = true
    /// [src/main.rs:4] 1 = 1
    /// [src/main.rs:5] n * factorial(n - 1) = 2
    /// [src/main.rs:5] n * factorial(n - 1) = 6
    /// [src/main.rs:5] n * factorial(n - 1) = 24
    /// [src/main.rs:11] factorial(4) = 24
    /// ```
    ///
    /// The `dbg!(..)` macro moves the input:
    ///
    /// ```compile_fail
    /// /// A wrapper around `usize` which importantly is not Copyable.
    /// #[derive(Debug)]
    /// struct NoCopy(usize);
    ///
    /// let a = NoCopy(42);
    /// let _ = dbg!(a); // <-- `a` is moved here.
    /// let _ = dbg!(a); // <-- `a` is moved again; error!
    /// ```
    ///
    /// You can also use `dbg!()` without a value to just print the
    /// file and line whenever it's reached.
    ///
    /// Finally, if you want to `dbg!(..)` multiple values, it will treat them as
    /// a tuple (and return it, too):
    ///
    /// ```
    /// assert_eq!(dbg!(1usize, 2u32), (1, 2));
    /// ```
    ///
    /// However, a single argument with a trailing comma will still not be treated
    /// as a tuple, following the convention of ignoring trailing commas in macro
    /// invocations. You can use a 1-tuple directly if you need one:
    ///
    /// ```
    /// assert_eq!(1, dbg!(1u32,)); // trailing comma ignored
    /// assert_eq!((1,), dbg!((1u32,))); // 1-tuple
    /// ```
    ///
    /// [stderr]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_streams#Standard_error_(stderr)
    /// [`debug!`]: https://docs.rs/log/*/log/macro.debug.html
    /// [`log`]: https://crates.io/crates/log
    #[macro_export]
    #[stable(feature = "dbg_macro", since = "1.32.0")]
    macro_rules! dbg {
        () => {
            $crate::eprintln!("[{}:{}]", $crate::file!(), $crate::line!());
        };
        ($val:expr) => {
            // Use of `match` here is intentional because it affects the lifetimes
            // of temporaries - https://stackoverflow.com/a/48732525/1063961
            match $val {
                tmp => {
                    $crate::eprintln!("[{}:{}] {} = {:#?}",
                        $crate::file!(), $crate::line!(), $crate::stringify!($val), &tmp);
                    tmp
                }
            }
        };
        // Trailing comma with single argument is ignored
        ($val:expr,) => { $crate::dbg!($val) };
        ($($val:expr),+ $(,)?) => {
            ($($crate::dbg!($val)),+,)
        };
    }

    #[cfg(test)]
    macro_rules! assert_approx_eq {
        ($a:expr, $b:expr) => {{
            let (a, b) = (&$a, &$b);
            assert!((*a - *b).abs() < 1.0e-6, "{} is not approximately equal to {}", *a, *b);
        }};
    }