/******************************************************************************
 * $Id: ogr_spatialref.h ed03372732878b73c2d7043c0bd8f0a3cc01ca8d 2021-10-18 05:00:39 -0500 Alan D. Snow $
 *
 * Project:  OpenGIS Simple Features Reference Implementation
 * Purpose:  Classes for manipulating spatial reference systems in a
 *           platform non-specific manner.
 * Author:   Frank Warmerdam, warmerdam@pobox.com
 *
 ******************************************************************************
 * Copyright (c) 1999,  Les Technologies SoftMap Inc.
 * Copyright (c) 2008-2013, Even Rouault <even dot rouault at spatialys.com>
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
 * copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
 * to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
 * the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
 * and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
 * Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
 * in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
 * OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
 * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
 * FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
 * DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 ****************************************************************************/

#ifndef OGR_SPATIALREF_H_INCLUDED
#define OGR_SPATIALREF_H_INCLUDED

#include "cpl_string.h"
#include "ogr_srs_api.h"

#include <cstddef>
#include <map>
#include <memory>
#include <vector>

/**
 * \file ogr_spatialref.h
 *
 * Coordinate systems services.
 */

/************************************************************************/
/*                             OGR_SRSNode                              */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * Objects of this class are used to represent value nodes in the parsed
 * representation of the WKT SRS format.  For instance UNIT["METER",1]
 * would be rendered into three OGR_SRSNodes.  The root node would have a
 * value of UNIT, and two children, the first with a value of METER, and the
 * second with a value of 1.
 *
 * Normally application code just interacts with the OGRSpatialReference
 * object, which uses the OGR_SRSNode to implement its data structure;
 * however, this class is user accessible for detailed access to components
 * of an SRS definition.
 */

class CPL_DLL OGR_SRSNode
{
  public:
    /** Listener that is notified of modification to nodes. */
    struct Listener
    {
        virtual ~Listener();
        /** Method triggered when a node is modified. */
        virtual void notifyChange(OGR_SRSNode*) = 0;
    };

    explicit     OGR_SRSNode(const char * = nullptr);
                ~OGR_SRSNode();

    /** Register a (single) listener. */
    void        RegisterListener(const std::shared_ptr<Listener>& listener);

    /** Return whether this is a leaf node.
     * @return TRUE or FALSE
     */
    int         IsLeafNode() const { return nChildren == 0; }

    int         GetChildCount() const { return nChildren; }
    OGR_SRSNode *GetChild( int );
    const OGR_SRSNode *GetChild( int ) const;

    OGR_SRSNode *GetNode( const char * );
    const OGR_SRSNode *GetNode( const char * ) const;

    void        InsertChild( OGR_SRSNode *, int );
    void        AddChild( OGR_SRSNode * );
    int         FindChild( const char * ) const;
    void        DestroyChild( int );
    void        ClearChildren();
    void        StripNodes( const char * );

    const char  *GetValue() const { return pszValue; }
    void        SetValue( const char * );

    void        MakeValueSafe();

    OGR_SRSNode *Clone() const;

    OGRErr      importFromWkt( char ** )
/*! @cond Doxygen_Suppress */
                    CPL_WARN_DEPRECATED("Use importFromWkt(const char**)")
/*! @endcond */
                    ;
    OGRErr      importFromWkt( const char ** );
    OGRErr      exportToWkt( char ** ) const;
    OGRErr      exportToPrettyWkt( char **, int = 1) const;

  private:
    char        *pszValue;

    OGR_SRSNode **papoChildNodes;
    OGR_SRSNode *poParent;

    int         nChildren;

    int         NeedsQuoting() const;
    OGRErr      importFromWkt( const char **, int nRecLevel, int* pnNodes );

    std::weak_ptr<Listener> m_listener{};
    void        notifyChange();

    CPL_DISALLOW_COPY_ASSIGN(OGR_SRSNode)
};

/************************************************************************/
/*                         OGRSpatialReference                          */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * This class represents an OpenGIS Spatial Reference System, and contains
 * methods for converting between this object organization and well known
 * text (WKT) format.  This object is reference counted as one instance of
 * the object is normally shared between many OGRGeometry objects.
 *
 * Normally application code can fetch needed parameter values for this
 * SRS using GetAttrValue(), but in special cases the underlying parse tree
 * (or OGR_SRSNode objects) can be accessed more directly.
 *
 * See <a href="https://gdal.org/tutorials/osr_api_tut.html">the tutorial
 * </a> for more information on how to use this class.
 *
 * Consult also the <a href="https://gdal.org/tutorials/wktproblems.html">
 * OGC WKT Coordinate System Issues</a> page for implementation details of
 * WKT in OGR.
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRSpatialReference
{
    struct Private;
    std::unique_ptr<Private> d;

    void        GetNormInfo() const;

    // No longer used with PROJ >= 8.1.0
    OGRErr      importFromURNPart(const char* pszAuthority,
                                  const char* pszCode,
                                  const char* pszURN);

    static CPLString   lookupInDict( const char *pszDictFile,
                                     const char *pszCode );

  public:
                OGRSpatialReference(const OGRSpatialReference&);
    explicit    OGRSpatialReference(const char * = nullptr);

    virtual    ~OGRSpatialReference();

    static void DestroySpatialReference(OGRSpatialReference* poSRS);

    OGRSpatialReference &operator=(const OGRSpatialReference&);

    int         Reference();
    int         Dereference();
    int         GetReferenceCount() const;
    void        Release();

    const char* GetName() const;

    OGRSpatialReference *Clone() const;
    OGRSpatialReference *CloneGeogCS() const;

    void        dumpReadable();
    OGRErr      exportToWkt( char ** ) const;
    OGRErr      exportToWkt( char ** ppszWKT, const char* const* papszOptions ) const;
    OGRErr      exportToPrettyWkt( char **, int = FALSE) const;
    // cppcheck-suppress functionStatic
    OGRErr      exportToPROJJSON( char **, const char* const* papszOptions ) const;
    OGRErr      exportToProj4( char ** ) const;
    OGRErr      exportToPCI( char **, char **, double ** ) const;
    OGRErr      exportToUSGS( long *, long *, double **, long * ) const;
    OGRErr      exportToXML( char **, const char * = nullptr ) const;
    OGRErr      exportToPanorama( long *, long *, long *, long *,
                                  double * ) const;
    OGRErr      exportToERM( char *pszProj, char *pszDatum, char *pszUnits );
    OGRErr      exportToMICoordSys( char ** ) const;


    OGRErr      importFromWkt( char ** )
/*! @cond Doxygen_Suppress */
        CPL_WARN_DEPRECATED("Use importFromWkt(const char**) or importFromWkt(const char*)")
/*! @endcond */
        ;

    OGRErr      importFromWkt( const char ** );
    OGRErr      importFromWkt( const char* );
    OGRErr      importFromProj4( const char * );
    OGRErr      importFromEPSG( int );
    OGRErr      importFromEPSGA( int );
    OGRErr      importFromESRI( char ** );
    OGRErr      importFromPCI( const char *, const char * = nullptr,
                               double * = nullptr );

#define USGS_ANGLE_DECIMALDEGREES 0     /**< Angle is in decimal degrees. */
#define USGS_ANGLE_PACKEDDMS      TRUE  /**< Angle is in packed degree minute second. */
#define USGS_ANGLE_RADIANS        2     /**< Angle is in radians. */
    OGRErr      importFromUSGS( long iProjSys, long iZone,
                                double *padfPrjParams, long iDatum,
                                int nUSGSAngleFormat = USGS_ANGLE_PACKEDDMS );
    OGRErr      importFromPanorama( long, long, long, double* );
    OGRErr      importVertCSFromPanorama( int );
    OGRErr      importFromOzi( const char * const* papszLines );
    OGRErr      importFromWMSAUTO( const char *pszAutoDef );
    OGRErr      importFromXML( const char * );
    OGRErr      importFromDict( const char *pszDict, const char *pszCode );
    OGRErr      importFromURN( const char * );
    OGRErr      importFromCRSURL( const char * );
    OGRErr      importFromERM( const char *pszProj, const char *pszDatum,
                               const char *pszUnits );
    OGRErr      importFromUrl( const char * );
    OGRErr      importFromMICoordSys( const char * );

    OGRErr      morphToESRI();
    OGRErr      morphFromESRI();

    OGRSpatialReference* convertToOtherProjection(
                                    const char* pszTargetProjection,
                                    const char* const* papszOptions = nullptr ) const;

    OGRErr      Validate() const;
    OGRErr      StripVertical();

    bool        StripTOWGS84IfKnownDatumAndAllowed();
    bool        StripTOWGS84IfKnownDatum();

    int         EPSGTreatsAsLatLong() const;
    int         EPSGTreatsAsNorthingEasting() const;
    int         GetAxesCount() const;
    const char *GetAxis( const char *pszTargetKey, int iAxis,
                         OGRAxisOrientation *peOrientation,
                         double* pdfConvFactor = nullptr ) const;
    OGRErr      SetAxes( const char *pszTargetKey,
                         const char *pszXAxisName,
                         OGRAxisOrientation eXAxisOrientation,
                         const char *pszYAxisName,
                         OGRAxisOrientation eYAxisOrientation );

    OSRAxisMappingStrategy GetAxisMappingStrategy() const;
    void                   SetAxisMappingStrategy(OSRAxisMappingStrategy);
    const std::vector<int>& GetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping() const;
    OGRErr                 SetDataAxisToSRSAxisMapping(const std::vector<int>& mapping);

    // Machinery for accessing parse nodes

    //! Return root node
    OGR_SRSNode *GetRoot();
    //! Return root node
    const OGR_SRSNode *GetRoot() const;
    void        SetRoot( OGR_SRSNode * );

    OGR_SRSNode *GetAttrNode(const char *);
    const OGR_SRSNode *GetAttrNode(const char *) const;
    const char  *GetAttrValue(const char *, int = 0) const;

    OGRErr      SetNode( const char *, const char * );
    OGRErr      SetNode( const char *, double );

    OGRErr      SetLinearUnitsAndUpdateParameters( const char *pszName,
                                                   double dfInMeters,
                                                   const char *pszUnitAuthority = nullptr,
                                                   const char *pszUnitCode = nullptr );
    OGRErr      SetLinearUnits( const char *pszName, double dfInMeters );
    OGRErr      SetTargetLinearUnits( const char *pszTargetKey,
                                      const char *pszName,
                                      double dfInMeters,
                                      const char *pszUnitAuthority = nullptr,
                                      const char *pszUnitCode = nullptr);

    double      GetLinearUnits( char ** ) const
/*! @cond Doxygen_Suppress */
        CPL_WARN_DEPRECATED("Use GetLinearUnits(const char**) instead")
/*! @endcond */
        ;
    double      GetLinearUnits( const char ** = nullptr ) const;
/*! @cond Doxygen_Suppress */
    double      GetLinearUnits( std::nullptr_t ) const
        { return GetLinearUnits( static_cast<const char**>(nullptr) ); }
/*! @endcond */

    double      GetTargetLinearUnits( const char *pszTargetKey,
                                      char ** ppszRetName ) const
/*! @cond Doxygen_Suppress */
            CPL_WARN_DEPRECATED("Use GetTargetLinearUnits(const char*, const char**)")
/*! @endcond */
            ;
    double      GetTargetLinearUnits( const char *pszTargetKey,
                                      const char ** ppszRetName = nullptr ) const;
/*! @cond Doxygen_Suppress */
    double      GetTargetLinearUnits( const char *pszTargetKey, std::nullptr_t ) const
        { return GetTargetLinearUnits( pszTargetKey, static_cast<const char**>(nullptr) ); }
/*! @endcond */

    OGRErr      SetAngularUnits( const char *pszName, double dfInRadians );
    double      GetAngularUnits( char ** ) const
/*! @cond Doxygen_Suppress */
        CPL_WARN_DEPRECATED("Use GetAngularUnits(const char**) instead")
/*! @endcond */
        ;
    double      GetAngularUnits( const char ** = nullptr ) const;
/*! @cond Doxygen_Suppress */
    double      GetAngularUnits( std::nullptr_t ) const
        { return GetAngularUnits( static_cast<const char**>(nullptr) ); }
/*! @endcond */

    double      GetPrimeMeridian( char ** ) const
/*! @cond Doxygen_Suppress */
        CPL_WARN_DEPRECATED("Use GetPrimeMeridian(const char**) instead")
/*! @endcond */
        ;
    double      GetPrimeMeridian( const char ** = nullptr ) const;
/*! @cond Doxygen_Suppress */
    double      GetPrimeMeridian( std::nullptr_t ) const
        { return GetPrimeMeridian( static_cast<const char**>(nullptr) ); }
/*! @endcond */

    bool        IsEmpty() const;
    int         IsGeographic() const;
    int         IsDerivedGeographic() const;
    int         IsProjected() const;
    int         IsGeocentric() const;
    bool        IsDynamic() const;
    int         IsLocal() const;
    int         IsVertical() const;
    int         IsCompound() const;
    int         IsSameGeogCS( const OGRSpatialReference * ) const;
    int         IsSameGeogCS( const OGRSpatialReference *,
                              const char* const * papszOptions ) const;
    int         IsSameVertCS( const OGRSpatialReference * ) const;
    int         IsSame( const OGRSpatialReference * ) const;
    int         IsSame( const OGRSpatialReference *,
                        const char* const * papszOptions ) const;

    void        Clear();
    OGRErr      SetLocalCS( const char * );
    OGRErr      SetProjCS( const char * );
    OGRErr      SetProjection( const char * );
    OGRErr      SetGeocCS( const char * pszGeocName );
    OGRErr      SetGeogCS( const char * pszGeogName,
                           const char * pszDatumName,
                           const char * pszEllipsoidName,
                           double dfSemiMajor, double dfInvFlattening,
                           const char * pszPMName = nullptr,
                           double dfPMOffset = 0.0,
                           const char * pszUnits = nullptr,
                           double dfConvertToRadians = 0.0 );
    OGRErr      SetWellKnownGeogCS( const char * );
    OGRErr      CopyGeogCSFrom( const OGRSpatialReference * poSrcSRS );
    OGRErr      SetVertCS( const char *pszVertCSName,
                           const char *pszVertDatumName,
                           int nVertDatumClass = 2005 );
    OGRErr      SetCompoundCS( const char *pszName,
                               const OGRSpatialReference *poHorizSRS,
                               const OGRSpatialReference *poVertSRS );

    void        SetCoordinateEpoch( double dfCoordinateEpoch );
    double      GetCoordinateEpoch() const;

    // cppcheck-suppress functionStatic
    OGRErr      PromoteTo3D( const char* pszName );
    // cppcheck-suppress functionStatic
    OGRErr      DemoteTo2D( const char* pszName );

    OGRErr      SetFromUserInput( const char * );

    static const char* const SET_FROM_USER_INPUT_LIMITATIONS[];
    static CSLConstList SET_FROM_USER_INPUT_LIMITATIONS_get();

    OGRErr      SetFromUserInput( const char *, CSLConstList papszOptions );

    OGRErr      SetTOWGS84( double, double, double,
                            double = 0.0, double = 0.0, double = 0.0,
                            double = 0.0 );
    OGRErr      GetTOWGS84( double *padfCoef, int nCoeff = 7 ) const;
    OGRErr      AddGuessedTOWGS84();

    double      GetSemiMajor( OGRErr * = nullptr ) const;
    double      GetSemiMinor( OGRErr * = nullptr ) const;
    double      GetInvFlattening( OGRErr * = nullptr ) const;
    double      GetEccentricity() const;
    double      GetSquaredEccentricity() const;

    OGRErr      SetAuthority( const char * pszTargetKey,
                              const char * pszAuthority,
                              int nCode );

    OGRErr      AutoIdentifyEPSG();
    OGRSpatialReferenceH* FindMatches( char** papszOptions,
                                       int* pnEntries,
                                       int** ppanMatchConfidence ) const;

    int         GetEPSGGeogCS() const;

    const char *GetAuthorityCode( const char * pszTargetKey ) const;
    const char *GetAuthorityName( const char * pszTargetKey ) const;

    bool        GetAreaOfUse( double* pdfWestLongitudeDeg,
                              double* pdfSouthLatitudeDeg,
                              double* pdfEastLongitudeDeg,
                              double* pdfNorthLatitudeDeg,
                              const char **ppszAreaName ) const;

    const char *GetExtension( const char *pszTargetKey,
                              const char *pszName,
                              const char *pszDefault = nullptr ) const;
    OGRErr      SetExtension( const char *pszTargetKey,
                              const char *pszName,
                              const char *pszValue );

    int         FindProjParm( const char *pszParameter,
                              const OGR_SRSNode *poPROJCS=nullptr ) const;
    OGRErr      SetProjParm( const char *, double );
    double      GetProjParm( const char *, double =0.0, OGRErr* = nullptr ) const;

    OGRErr      SetNormProjParm( const char *, double );
    double      GetNormProjParm( const char *, double=0.0, OGRErr* =nullptr)const;

    static int  IsAngularParameter( const char * );
    static int  IsLongitudeParameter( const char * );
    static int  IsLinearParameter( const char * );

    /** Albers Conic Equal Area */
    OGRErr      SetACEA( double dfStdP1, double dfStdP2,
                         double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                         double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Azimuthal Equidistant */
    OGRErr      SetAE( double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                       double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Bonne */
    OGRErr      SetBonne( double dfStdP1, double dfCentralMeridian,
                          double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Cylindrical Equal Area */
    OGRErr      SetCEA( double dfStdP1, double dfCentralMeridian,
                        double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Cassini-Soldner */
    OGRErr      SetCS( double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                       double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Equidistant Conic */
    OGRErr      SetEC( double dfStdP1, double dfStdP2,
                       double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                       double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Eckert I */
    OGRErr      SetEckert( int nVariation, double dfCentralMeridian,
                           double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Eckert IV */
    OGRErr      SetEckertIV( double dfCentralMeridian,
                             double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Eckert VI */
    OGRErr      SetEckertVI( double dfCentralMeridian,
                             double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Equirectangular */
    OGRErr      SetEquirectangular(double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                            double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );
    /** Equirectangular generalized form : */
    OGRErr      SetEquirectangular2( double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                                     double dfPseudoStdParallel1,
                                     double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Geostationary Satellite */
    OGRErr      SetGEOS( double dfCentralMeridian, double dfSatelliteHeight,
                         double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Goode Homolosine */
    OGRErr      SetGH( double dfCentralMeridian,
                       double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Interrupted Goode Homolosine */
    OGRErr      SetIGH();

    /** Gall Stereograpic */
    OGRErr      SetGS( double dfCentralMeridian,
                       double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Gauss Schreiber Transverse Mercator */
    OGRErr      SetGaussSchreiberTMercator(double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                                           double dfScale,
                                           double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Gnomonic */
    OGRErr      SetGnomonic(double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                            double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Hotine Oblique Mercator */
    OGRErr      SetHOM( double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                        double dfAzimuth, double dfRectToSkew,
                        double dfScale,
                        double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /**  Hotine Oblique Mercator 2 points */
    OGRErr      SetHOM2PNO( double dfCenterLat,
                            double dfLat1, double dfLong1,
                            double dfLat2, double dfLong2,
                            double dfScale,
                            double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Hotine Oblique Mercator Azimuth Center / Variant B */
    OGRErr      SetHOMAC( double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                          double dfAzimuth, double dfRectToSkew,
                          double dfScale,
                          double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Laborde Oblique Mercator */
    OGRErr      SetLOM( double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                        double dfAzimuth,
                        double dfScale,
                        double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** International Map of the World Polyconic */
    OGRErr      SetIWMPolyconic( double dfLat1, double dfLat2,
                                 double dfCenterLong,
                                 double dfFalseEasting,
                                 double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Krovak Oblique Conic Conformal */
    OGRErr      SetKrovak( double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                           double dfAzimuth, double dfPseudoStdParallelLat,
                           double dfScale,
                           double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area */
    OGRErr      SetLAEA( double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                         double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Lambert Conformal Conic */
    OGRErr      SetLCC( double dfStdP1, double dfStdP2,
                        double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                        double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Lambert Conformal Conic 1SP */
    OGRErr      SetLCC1SP( double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                           double dfScale,
                           double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Lambert Conformal Conic (Belgium) */
    OGRErr      SetLCCB( double dfStdP1, double dfStdP2,
                         double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                         double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Miller Cylindrical */
    OGRErr      SetMC( double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                       double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Mercator 1SP */
    OGRErr      SetMercator( double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                             double dfScale,
                             double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Mercator 2SP */
    OGRErr      SetMercator2SP( double dfStdP1,
                                double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                                double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Mollweide */
    OGRErr      SetMollweide( double dfCentralMeridian,
                              double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** New Zealand Map Grid */
    OGRErr      SetNZMG( double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                         double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Oblique Stereographic */
    OGRErr      SetOS( double dfOriginLat, double dfCMeridian,
                       double dfScale,
                       double dfFalseEasting,double dfFalseNorthing);

    /** Orthographic */
    OGRErr      SetOrthographic( double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                                 double dfFalseEasting,double dfFalseNorthing);

    /** Polyconic */
    OGRErr      SetPolyconic( double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                              double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Polar Stereographic */
    OGRErr      SetPS( double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                       double dfScale,
                       double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing);

    /** Robinson */
    OGRErr      SetRobinson( double dfCenterLong,
                             double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Sinusoidal */
    OGRErr      SetSinusoidal( double dfCenterLong,
                               double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Stereographic */
    OGRErr      SetStereographic( double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                                  double dfScale,
                                 double dfFalseEasting,double dfFalseNorthing);

    /** Swiss Oblique Cylindrical */
    OGRErr      SetSOC( double dfLatitudeOfOrigin, double dfCentralMeridian,
                        double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Transverse Mercator */
    OGRErr      SetTM( double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                       double dfScale,
                       double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Transverse Mercator variants. */
    OGRErr      SetTMVariant( const char *pszVariantName,
                              double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                              double dfScale,
                              double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Tunesia Mining Grid  */
    OGRErr      SetTMG( double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                        double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Transverse Mercator (South Oriented) */
    OGRErr      SetTMSO( double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong,
                         double dfScale,
                         double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Two Point Equidistant */
    OGRErr      SetTPED( double dfLat1, double dfLong1,
                         double dfLat2, double dfLong2,
                         double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** VanDerGrinten */
    OGRErr      SetVDG( double dfCenterLong,
                        double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Universal Transverse Mercator */
    OGRErr      SetUTM( int nZone, int bNorth = TRUE );
    int         GetUTMZone( int *pbNorth = nullptr ) const;

    /** Wagner I -- VII */
    OGRErr      SetWagner( int nVariation, double dfCenterLat,
                           double dfFalseEasting, double dfFalseNorthing );

    /** Quadrilateralized Spherical Cube */
    OGRErr      SetQSC(double dfCenterLat, double dfCenterLong);

    /** Spherical, Cross-track, Height */
    OGRErr      SetSCH( double dfPegLat, double dfPegLong,
                        double dfPegHeading, double dfPegHgt);

    /** Vertical Perspective / Near-sided Perspective */
    OGRErr      SetVerticalPerspective( double dfTopoOriginLat,
                                        double dfTopoOriginLon,
                                        double dfTopoOriginHeight,
                                        double dfViewPointHeight,
                                        double dfFalseEasting,
                                        double dfFalseNorthing);

    /** Pole rotation (GRIB convention) */
    OGRErr      SetDerivedGeogCRSWithPoleRotationGRIBConvention(
                                               const char* pszCRSName,
                                               double dfSouthPoleLat,
                                               double dfSouthPoleLon,
                                               double dfAxisRotation );

    /** Pole rotation (netCDF CF convention) */
    OGRErr      SetDerivedGeogCRSWithPoleRotationNetCDFCFConvention(
                                               const char* pszCRSName,
                                               double dfGridNorthPoleLat,
                                               double dfGridNorthPoleLon,
                                               double dfNorthPoleGridLon );

    /** State Plane */
    OGRErr      SetStatePlane( int nZone, int bNAD83 = TRUE,
                               const char *pszOverrideUnitName = nullptr,
                               double dfOverrideUnit = 0.0 );

    /** ImportFromESRIStatePlaneWKT */
    OGRErr      ImportFromESRIStatePlaneWKT(
        int nCode, const char* pszDatumName, const char* pszUnitsName,
        int nPCSCode, const char* pszCRSName = nullptr );

    /** ImportFromESRIWisconsinWKT */
    OGRErr      ImportFromESRIWisconsinWKT(
        const char* pszPrjName, double dfCentralMeridian, double dfLatOfOrigin,
        const char* pszUnitsName, const char* pszCRSName = nullptr );

/*! @cond Doxygen_Suppress */
    void UpdateCoordinateSystemFromGeogCRS();
/*! @endcond */

    static OGRSpatialReference* GetWGS84SRS();

    /** Convert a OGRSpatialReference* to a OGRSpatialReferenceH.
     * @since GDAL 2.3
     */
    static inline OGRSpatialReferenceH ToHandle(OGRSpatialReference* poSRS)
        { return reinterpret_cast<OGRSpatialReferenceH>(poSRS); }

    /** Convert a OGRSpatialReferenceH to a OGRSpatialReference*.
     * @since GDAL 2.3
     */
    static inline OGRSpatialReference* FromHandle(OGRSpatialReferenceH hSRS)
        { return reinterpret_cast<OGRSpatialReference*>(hSRS); }

};

/************************************************************************/
/*                     OGRCoordinateTransformation                      */
/*                                                                      */
/*      This is really just used as a base class for a private          */
/*      implementation.                                                 */
/************************************************************************/

/**
 * Interface for transforming between coordinate systems.
 *
 * Currently, the only implementation within OGR is OGRProjCT, which
 * requires the PROJ library.
 *
 * Also, see OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation() for creating transformations.
 */

class CPL_DLL OGRCoordinateTransformation
{
public:
    virtual ~OGRCoordinateTransformation() {}

    static void DestroyCT(OGRCoordinateTransformation* poCT);

    // From CT_CoordinateTransformation

    /** Fetch internal source coordinate system. */
    virtual OGRSpatialReference *GetSourceCS() = 0;

    /** Fetch internal target coordinate system. */
    virtual OGRSpatialReference *GetTargetCS() = 0;

    /** Whether the transformer will emit CPLError */
    virtual bool GetEmitErrors() const { return false; }

    /** Set if the transformer must emit CPLError */
    virtual void SetEmitErrors(bool /*bEmitErrors*/) {}

    // From CT_MathTransform

    /**
     * Transform points from source to destination space.
     *
     * This method is the same as the C function OCTTransformEx().
     *
     * @param nCount number of points to transform.
     * @param x array of nCount X vertices, modified in place. Should not be NULL.
     * @param y array of nCount Y vertices, modified in place. Should not be NULL.
     * @param z array of nCount Z vertices, modified in place. Might be NULL.
     * @param pabSuccess array of per-point flags set to TRUE if that point
     * transforms, or FALSE if it does not. Might be NULL.
     *
     * @return TRUE if some or all points transform successfully, or FALSE if
     * if none transform.
     */
    int Transform( int nCount,
                   double *x, double *y, double *z = nullptr,
                   int *pabSuccess = nullptr );

    /**
     * Transform points from source to destination space.
     *
     * This method is the same as the C function OCTTransform4D().
     *
     * @param nCount number of points to transform.
     * @param x array of nCount X vertices, modified in place. Should not be NULL.
     * @param y array of nCount Y vertices, modified in place. Should not be NULL.
     * @param z array of nCount Z vertices, modified in place. Might be NULL.
     * @param t array of nCount time values, modified in place. Might be NULL.
     * @param pabSuccess array of per-point flags set to TRUE if that point
     * transforms, or FALSE if it does not. Might be NULL.
     *
     * @return TRUE if some or all points transform successfully, or FALSE if
     * if none transform.
     */
    virtual int Transform( int nCount,
                           double *x, double *y,
                           double *z, double *t,
                           int *pabSuccess ) = 0;

    /**
     * Transform points from source to destination space.
     *
     * This method is the same as the C function OCTTransform4DWithErrorCodes().
     *
     * @param nCount number of points to transform.
     * @param x array of nCount X vertices, modified in place. Should not be NULL.
     * @param y array of nCount Y vertices, modified in place. Should not be NULL.
     * @param z array of nCount Z vertices, modified in place. Might be NULL.
     * @param t array of nCount time values, modified in place. Might be NULL.
     * @param panErrorCodes Output array of nCount value that will be set to 0 for
     *                      success, or a non-zero value for failure. Refer to
     *                      PROJ 8 public error codes. Might be NULL
     * @return TRUE if some or all points transform successfully, or FALSE if
     * if none transform.
     * @since GDAL 3.3, and PROJ 8 to be able to use PROJ public error codes
     */
    virtual int TransformWithErrorCodes( int nCount,
                                         double *x, double *y,
                                         double *z, double *t,
                                         int *panErrorCodes );

    /** \brief Transform boundary.
     *
     * This method is the same as the C function OCTTransformBounds().
     *
     * Transform boundary densifying the edges to account for nonlinear
     * transformations along these edges and extracting the outermost bounds.
     *
     * If the destination CRS is geographic, the first axis is longitude,
     * and xmax < xmin then the bounds crossed the antimeridian.
     * In this scenario there are two polygons, one on each side of the antimeridian.
     * The first polygon should be constructed with (xmin, ymin, 180, ymax)
     * and the second with (-180, ymin, xmax, ymax).
     *
     * If the destination CRS is geographic, the first axis is latitude,
     * and ymax < ymin then the bounds crossed the antimeridian.
     * In this scenario there are two polygons, one on each side of the antimeridian.
     * The first polygon should be constructed with (ymin, xmin, ymax, 180)
     * and the second with (ymin, -180, ymax, xmax).
     *
     * @param xmin Minimum bounding coordinate of the first axis in source CRS.
     * @param ymin Minimum bounding coordinate of the second axis in source CRS.
     * @param xmax Maximum bounding coordinate of the first axis in source CRS.
     * @param ymax Maximum bounding coordinate of the second axis in source CRS.
     * @param out_xmin Minimum bounding coordinate of the first axis in target CRS
     * @param out_ymin Minimum bounding coordinate of the second axis in target CRS.
     * @param out_xmax Maximum bounding coordinate of the first axis in target CRS.
     * @param out_ymax Maximum bounding coordinate of the second axis in target CRS.
     * @param densify_pts Recommended to use 21. This is the number of points
     *     to use to densify the bounding polygon in the transformation.
     * @return TRUE if successful. FALSE if failures encountered.
     * @since 3.4
     */
    virtual int TransformBounds( const double xmin,
                                 const double ymin,
                                 const double xmax,
                                 const double ymax,
                                 double* out_xmin,
                                 double* out_ymin,
                                 double* out_xmax,
                                 double* out_ymax,
                                 const int densify_pts )
    {
        (void)xmin;
        (void)xmax;
        (void)ymin;
        (void)ymax;
        (void)densify_pts;
        *out_xmin = HUGE_VAL;
        *out_ymin = HUGE_VAL;
        *out_xmax = HUGE_VAL;
        *out_ymax = HUGE_VAL;
        CPLError(CE_Failure, CPLE_AppDefined, "TransformBounds not implemented.");
        return false;
    }

    /** Convert a OGRCoordinateTransformation* to a OGRCoordinateTransformationH.
     * @since GDAL 2.3
     */
    static inline OGRCoordinateTransformationH ToHandle(OGRCoordinateTransformation* poCT)
        { return reinterpret_cast<OGRCoordinateTransformationH>(poCT); }

    /** Convert a OGRCoordinateTransformationH to a OGRCoordinateTransformation*.
     * @since GDAL 2.3
     */
    static inline OGRCoordinateTransformation* FromHandle(OGRCoordinateTransformationH hCT)
        { return reinterpret_cast<OGRCoordinateTransformation*>(hCT); }

    /** Clone
     * @since GDAL 3.1
     */
    virtual OGRCoordinateTransformation* Clone() const = 0;

    /** Return a coordinate transformation that performs the inverse transformation
     * of the current one.
     *
     * In some cases, this is not possible, and this method might return nullptr,
     * or fail to perform the transformations.
     *
     * @return the new coordinate transformation, or nullptr in case of error.
     * @since GDAL 3.3
     */
    virtual OGRCoordinateTransformation* GetInverse() const = 0;
};

OGRCoordinateTransformation CPL_DLL *
OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation( const OGRSpatialReference *poSource,
                                   const OGRSpatialReference *poTarget );


/**
 * Context for coordinate transformation.
 *
 * @since GDAL 3.0
 */

struct CPL_DLL OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions
{
/*! @cond Doxygen_Suppress */
private:
    friend class OGRProjCT;
    struct Private;
    std::unique_ptr<Private> d;
/*! @endcond */

public:
    OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions();
    OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions(const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions&);
    OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions& operator= (const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions&);
    ~OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions();

    bool SetAreaOfInterest(double dfWestLongitudeDeg,
                           double dfSouthLatitudeDeg,
                           double dfEastLongitudeDeg,
                           double dfNorthLatitudeDeg);
    bool SetDesiredAccuracy(double dfAccuracy);
    bool SetBallparkAllowed(bool bAllowBallpark);

    bool SetCoordinateOperation(const char* pszCT, bool bReverseCT);
/*! @cond Doxygen_Suppress */
    void SetSourceCenterLong(double dfCenterLong);
    void SetTargetCenterLong(double dfCenterLong);
/*! @endcond */
};


OGRCoordinateTransformation CPL_DLL *
OGRCreateCoordinateTransformation( const OGRSpatialReference *poSource,
                                   const OGRSpatialReference *poTarget,
                                   const OGRCoordinateTransformationOptions& options );

#endif /* ndef OGR_SPATIALREF_H_INCLUDED */
