Data/Sequence/Internal.hs

    {-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}
    #include "containers.h"
    {-# LANGUAGE BangPatterns #-}
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
    {-# LANGUAGE DeriveDataTypeable #-}
    {-# LANGUAGE StandaloneDeriving #-}
    {-# LANGUAGE FlexibleInstances #-}
    {-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}
    #endif
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 703
    {-# LANGUAGE Trustworthy #-}
    #endif
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 702
    {-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric #-}
    #endif
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 708
    {-# LANGUAGE TypeFamilies #-}
    #endif
    #ifdef DEFINE_PATTERN_SYNONYMS
    {-# LANGUAGE PatternSynonyms #-}
    {-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns #-}
    #endif

    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- |
    -- Module      :  Data.Sequence.Internal
    -- Copyright   :  (c) Ross Paterson 2005
    --                (c) Louis Wasserman 2009
    --                (c) Bertram Felgenhauer, David Feuer, Ross Paterson, and
    --                    Milan Straka 2014
    -- License     :  BSD-style
    -- Maintainer  :  libraries@haskell.org
    -- Portability :  portable
    --
    --
    -- = WARNING
    --
    -- This module is considered __internal__.
    --
    -- The Package Versioning Policy __does not apply__.
    --
    -- This contents of this module may change __in any way whatsoever__
    -- and __without any warning__ between minor versions of this package.
    --
    -- Authors importing this module are expected to track development
    -- closely.
    --
    -- = Description
    --
    -- General purpose finite sequences.
    -- Apart from being finite and having strict operations, sequences
    -- also differ from lists in supporting a wider variety of operations
    -- efficiently.
    --
    -- An amortized running time is given for each operation, with /n/ referring
    -- to the length of the sequence and /i/ being the integral index used by
    -- some operations. These bounds hold even in a persistent (shared) setting.
    --
    -- The implementation uses 2-3 finger trees annotated with sizes,
    -- as described in section 4.2 of
    --
    --    * Ralf Hinze and Ross Paterson,
    --      \"Finger trees: a simple general-purpose data structure\",
    --      /Journal of Functional Programming/ 16:2 (2006) pp 197-217.
    --      <http://staff.city.ac.uk/~ross/papers/FingerTree.html>
    --
    -- /Note/: Many of these operations have the same names as similar
    -- operations on lists in the "Prelude". The ambiguity may be resolved
    -- using either qualification or the @hiding@ clause.
    --
    -- /Warning/: The size of a 'Seq' must not exceed @maxBound::Int@.  Violation
    -- of this condition is not detected and if the size limit is exceeded, the
    -- behaviour of the sequence is undefined.  This is unlikely to occur in most
    -- applications, but some care may be required when using '><', '<*>', '*>', or
    -- '>>', particularly repeatedly and particularly in combination with
    -- 'replicate' or 'fromFunction'.
    --
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

    module Data.Sequence.Internal (
        Elem(..), FingerTree(..), Node(..), Digit(..), Sized(..), MaybeForce,
    #if defined(DEFINE_PATTERN_SYNONYMS)
        Seq (.., Empty, (:<|), (:|>)),
    #else
        Seq (..),
    #endif

        -- * Construction
        empty,          -- :: Seq a
        singleton,      -- :: a -> Seq a
        (<|),           -- :: a -> Seq a -> Seq a
        (|>),           -- :: Seq a -> a -> Seq a
        (><),           -- :: Seq a -> Seq a -> Seq a
        fromList,       -- :: [a] -> Seq a
        fromFunction,   -- :: Int -> (Int -> a) -> Seq a
        fromArray,      -- :: Ix i => Array i a -> Seq a
        -- ** Repetition
        replicate,      -- :: Int -> a -> Seq a
        replicateA,     -- :: Applicative f => Int -> f a -> f (Seq a)
        replicateM,     -- :: Monad m => Int -> m a -> m (Seq a)
        cycleTaking,    -- :: Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
        -- ** Iterative construction
        iterateN,       -- :: Int -> (a -> a) -> a -> Seq a
        unfoldr,        -- :: (b -> Maybe (a, b)) -> b -> Seq a
        unfoldl,        -- :: (b -> Maybe (b, a)) -> b -> Seq a
        -- * Deconstruction
        -- | Additional functions for deconstructing sequences are available
        -- via the 'Foldable' instance of 'Seq'.

        -- ** Queries
        null,           -- :: Seq a -> Bool
        length,         -- :: Seq a -> Int
        -- ** Views
        ViewL(..),
        viewl,          -- :: Seq a -> ViewL a
        ViewR(..),
        viewr,          -- :: Seq a -> ViewR a
        -- * Scans
        scanl,          -- :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> Seq b -> Seq a
        scanl1,         -- :: (a -> a -> a) -> Seq a -> Seq a
        scanr,          -- :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Seq a -> Seq b
        scanr1,         -- :: (a -> a -> a) -> Seq a -> Seq a
        -- * Sublists
        tails,          -- :: Seq a -> Seq (Seq a)
        inits,          -- :: Seq a -> Seq (Seq a)
        chunksOf,       -- :: Int -> Seq a -> Seq (Seq a)
        -- ** Sequential searches
        takeWhileL,     -- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
        takeWhileR,     -- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
        dropWhileL,     -- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
        dropWhileR,     -- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
        spanl,          -- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
        spanr,          -- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
        breakl,         -- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
        breakr,         -- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
        partition,      -- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
        filter,         -- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
        -- * Sorting
        sort,           -- :: Ord a => Seq a -> Seq a
        sortBy,         -- :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> Seq a -> Seq a
        unstableSort,   -- :: Ord a => Seq a -> Seq a
        unstableSortBy, -- :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> Seq a -> Seq a
        -- * Indexing
        lookup,         -- :: Int -> Seq a -> Maybe a
        (!?),           -- :: Seq a -> Int -> Maybe a
        index,          -- :: Seq a -> Int -> a
        adjust,         -- :: (a -> a) -> Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
        adjust',        -- :: (a -> a) -> Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
        update,         -- :: Int -> a -> Seq a -> Seq a
        take,           -- :: Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
        drop,           -- :: Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
        insertAt,       -- :: Int -> a -> Seq a -> Seq a
        deleteAt,       -- :: Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
        splitAt,        -- :: Int -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
        -- ** Indexing with predicates
        -- | These functions perform sequential searches from the left
        -- or right ends of the sequence, returning indices of matching
        -- elements.
        elemIndexL,     -- :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> Maybe Int
        elemIndicesL,   -- :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> [Int]
        elemIndexR,     -- :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> Maybe Int
        elemIndicesR,   -- :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> [Int]
        findIndexL,     -- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Maybe Int
        findIndicesL,   -- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> [Int]
        findIndexR,     -- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Maybe Int
        findIndicesR,   -- :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> [Int]
        -- * Folds
        -- | General folds are available via the 'Foldable' instance of 'Seq'.
        foldMapWithIndex, -- :: Monoid m => (Int -> a -> m) -> Seq a -> m
        foldlWithIndex, -- :: (b -> Int -> a -> b) -> b -> Seq a -> b
        foldrWithIndex, -- :: (Int -> a -> b -> b) -> b -> Seq a -> b
        -- * Transformations
        mapWithIndex,   -- :: (Int -> a -> b) -> Seq a -> Seq b
        traverseWithIndex, -- :: Applicative f => (Int -> a -> f b) -> Seq a -> f (Seq b)
        reverse,        -- :: Seq a -> Seq a
        intersperse,    -- :: a -> Seq a -> Seq a
        liftA2Seq,      -- :: (a -> b -> c) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c
        -- ** Zips
        zip,            -- :: Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq (a, b)
        zipWith,        -- :: (a -> b -> c) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c
        zip3,           -- :: Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq (a, b, c)
        zipWith3,       -- :: (a -> b -> c -> d) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq d
        zip4,           -- :: Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq d -> Seq (a, b, c, d)
        zipWith4,       -- :: (a -> b -> c -> d -> e) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq d -> Seq e
    #ifdef TESTING
        deep,
        node2,
        node3,
    #endif
        ) where

    import Prelude hiding (
        Functor(..),
    #if MIN_VERSION_base(4,8,0)
        Applicative, (<$>), foldMap, Monoid,
    #endif
        null, length, lookup, take, drop, splitAt, foldl, foldl1, foldr, foldr1,
        scanl, scanl1, scanr, scanr1, replicate, zip, zipWith, zip3, zipWith3,
        takeWhile, dropWhile, iterate, reverse, filter, mapM, sum, all)
    import qualified Data.List
    import Control.Applicative (Applicative(..), (<$>), (<**>),  Alternative,
                                WrappedMonad(..), liftA, liftA2, liftA3)
    import qualified Control.Applicative as Applicative (Alternative(..))
    import Control.DeepSeq (NFData(rnf))
    import Control.Monad (MonadPlus(..), ap)
    import Data.Monoid (Monoid(..))
    import Data.Functor (Functor(..))
    #if MIN_VERSION_base(4,6,0)
    import Data.Foldable (Foldable(foldl, foldl1, foldr, foldr1, foldMap, foldl', foldr'), toList)
    #else
    import Data.Foldable (Foldable(foldl, foldl1, foldr, foldr1, foldMap), foldl', toList)
    #endif

    #if MIN_VERSION_base(4,9,0)
    import qualified Data.Semigroup as Semigroup
    import Data.Functor.Classes
    #endif
    import Data.Traversable
    import Data.Typeable

    -- GHC specific stuff
    #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
    import GHC.Exts (build)
    import Text.Read (Lexeme(Ident), lexP, parens, prec,
        readPrec, readListPrec, readListPrecDefault)
    import Data.Data
    import Data.String (IsString(..))
    #endif
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 706
    import GHC.Generics (Generic, Generic1)
    #elif __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 702
    import GHC.Generics (Generic)
    #endif

    -- Array stuff, with GHC.Arr on GHC
    import Data.Array (Ix, Array)
    import qualified Data.Array
    #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
    import qualified GHC.Arr
    #endif

    -- Coercion on GHC 7.8+
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 708
    import Data.Coerce
    import qualified GHC.Exts
    #else
    #endif

    -- Identity functor on base 4.8 (GHC 7.10+)
    #if MIN_VERSION_base(4,8,0)
    import Data.Functor.Identity (Identity(..))
    #endif

    #if !MIN_VERSION_base(4,8,0)
    import Data.Word (Word)
    #endif

    import Utils.Containers.Internal.StrictPair (StrictPair (..), toPair)
    #if MIN_VERSION_base(4,4,0)
    import Control.Monad.Zip (MonadZip (..))
    #endif

    default ()

    -- We define our own copy here, for Monoid only, even though this
    -- is now a Semigroup operator in base. The essential reason is that
    -- we have absolutely no use for semigroups in this module. Everything
    -- that needs to sum things up requires a Monoid constraint to deal
    -- with empty sequences. I'm not sure if there's a risk of walking
    -- through dictionaries to reach <> from Monoid, but I see no reason
    -- to risk it.
    infixr 6 <>
    (<>) :: Monoid m => m -> m -> m
    (<>) = mappend
    {-# INLINE (<>) #-}

    infixr 5 `consTree`
    infixl 5 `snocTree`
    infixr 5 `appendTree0`

    infixr 5 ><
    infixr 5 <|, :<
    infixl 5 |>, :>

    #ifdef DEFINE_PATTERN_SYNONYMS
    infixr 5 :<|
    infixl 5 :|>

    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 801
    {-# COMPLETE (:<|), Empty #-}
    {-# COMPLETE (:|>), Empty #-}
    #endif

    -- | A pattern synonym matching an empty sequence.
    pattern Empty :: Seq a
    pattern Empty = Seq EmptyT

    -- | A pattern synonym viewing the front of a non-empty
    -- sequence.
    pattern (:<|) :: a -> Seq a -> Seq a
    pattern x :<| xs <- (viewl -> x :< xs)
      where
        x :<| xs = x <| xs

    -- | A pattern synonym viewing the rear of a non-empty
    -- sequence.
    pattern (:|>) :: Seq a -> a -> Seq a
    pattern xs :|> x <- (viewr -> xs :> x)
      where
        xs :|> x = xs |> x
    #endif

    class Sized a where
        size :: a -> Int

    -- In much the same way that Sized lets us handle the
    -- sizes of elements and nodes uniformly, MaybeForce lets
    -- us handle their strictness (or lack thereof) uniformly.
    -- We can `mseq` something and not have to worry about
    -- whether it's an element or a node.
    class MaybeForce a where
      maybeRwhnf :: a -> ()

    mseq :: MaybeForce a => a -> b -> b
    mseq a b = case maybeRwhnf a of () -> b
    {-# INLINE mseq #-}

    infixr 0 $!?
    ($!?) :: MaybeForce a => (a -> b) -> a -> b
    f $!? a = case maybeRwhnf a of () -> f a
    {-# INLINE ($!?) #-}

    instance MaybeForce (Elem a) where
      maybeRwhnf _ = ()
      {-# INLINE maybeRwhnf #-}

    instance MaybeForce (Node a) where
      maybeRwhnf !_ = ()
      {-# INLINE maybeRwhnf #-}

    -- A wrapper making mseq = seq
    newtype ForceBox a = ForceBox a
    instance MaybeForce (ForceBox a) where
      maybeRwhnf !_ = ()
    instance Sized (ForceBox a) where
      size _ = 1

    -- | General-purpose finite sequences.
    newtype Seq a = Seq (FingerTree (Elem a))

    instance Functor Seq where
        fmap = fmapSeq
    #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
        x <$ s = replicate (length s) x
    #endif

    fmapSeq :: (a -> b) -> Seq a -> Seq b
    fmapSeq f (Seq xs) = Seq (fmap (fmap f) xs)
    #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
    {-# NOINLINE [1] fmapSeq #-}
    {-# RULES
    "fmapSeq/fmapSeq" forall f g xs . fmapSeq f (fmapSeq g xs) = fmapSeq (f . g) xs
     #-}
    #endif
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 709
    -- Safe coercions were introduced in 7.8, but did not work well with RULES yet.
    {-# RULES
    "fmapSeq/coerce" fmapSeq coerce = coerce
     #-}
    #endif

    instance Foldable Seq where
        foldMap f (Seq xs) = foldMap (foldMap f) xs
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 708
        foldr f z (Seq xs) = foldr (coerce f) z xs
        foldr' f z (Seq xs) = foldr' (coerce f) z xs
    #else
        foldr f z (Seq xs) = foldr (flip (foldr f)) z xs
    #if MIN_VERSION_base(4,6,0)
        foldr' f z (Seq xs) = foldr' (flip (foldr' f)) z xs
    #endif
    #endif
        foldl f z (Seq xs) = foldl (foldl f) z xs
    #if MIN_VERSION_base(4,6,0)
        foldl' f z (Seq xs) = foldl' (foldl' f) z xs
    #endif

        foldr1 f (Seq xs) = getElem (foldr1 f' xs)
          where f' (Elem x) (Elem y) = Elem (f x y)

        foldl1 f (Seq xs) = getElem (foldl1 f' xs)
          where f' (Elem x) (Elem y) = Elem (f x y)

    #if MIN_VERSION_base(4,8,0)
        length = length
        {-# INLINE length #-}
        null   = null
        {-# INLINE null #-}
    #endif

    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 708
    -- The natural definition of traverse, used for implementations that don't
    -- support coercions, `fmap`s into each `Elem`, then `fmap`s again over the
    -- result to turn it from a `FingerTree` to a `Seq`. None of this mapping is
    -- necessary! We could avoid it without coercions, I believe, by writing a
    -- bunch of traversal functions to deal with the `Elem` stuff specially (for
    -- FingerTrees, Digits, and Nodes), but using coercions we only need to
    -- duplicate code at the FingerTree level. We coerce the `Seq a` to a
    -- `FingerTree a`, stripping off all the Elem junk, then use a weird FingerTree
    -- traversing function that coerces back to Seq within the functor.
    instance Traversable Seq where
        traverse f xs = traverseFTE f (coerce xs)

    traverseFTE :: Applicative f => (a -> f b) -> FingerTree a -> f (Seq b)
    traverseFTE _f EmptyT = pure empty
    traverseFTE f (Single x) = Seq . Single . Elem <$> f x
    traverseFTE f (Deep s pr m sf) =
      liftA3 (\pr' m' sf' -> coerce $ Deep s pr' m' sf')
         (traverse f pr) (traverse (traverse f) m) (traverse f sf)
    #else
    instance Traversable Seq where
        traverse f (Seq xs) = Seq <$> traverse (traverse f) xs
    #endif

    instance NFData a => NFData (Seq a) where
        rnf (Seq xs) = rnf xs

    instance Monad Seq where
        return = pure
        xs >>= f = foldl' add empty xs
          where add ys x = ys >< f x
        (>>) = (*>)

    instance Applicative Seq where
        pure = singleton
        xs *> ys = cycleNTimes (length xs) ys
        (<*>) = apSeq
    #if MIN_VERSION_base(4,10,0)
        liftA2 = liftA2Seq
    #endif

    apSeq :: Seq (a -> b) -> Seq a -> Seq b
    apSeq fs xs@(Seq xsFT) = case viewl fs of
      EmptyL -> empty
      firstf :< fs' -> case viewr fs' of
        EmptyR -> fmap firstf xs
        Seq fs''FT :> lastf -> case rigidify xsFT of
             RigidEmpty -> empty
             RigidOne (Elem x) -> fmap ($x) fs
             RigidTwo (Elem x1) (Elem x2) ->
                Seq $ ap2FT firstf fs''FT lastf (x1, x2)
             RigidThree (Elem x1) (Elem x2) (Elem x3) ->
                Seq $ ap3FT firstf fs''FT lastf (x1, x2, x3)
             RigidFull r@(Rigid s pr _m sf) -> Seq $
                   Deep (s * length fs)
                        (fmap (fmap firstf) (nodeToDigit pr))
                        (aptyMiddle (fmap firstf) (fmap lastf) fmap fs''FT r)
                        (fmap (fmap lastf) (nodeToDigit sf))
    {-# NOINLINE [1] apSeq #-}

    {-# RULES
    "ap/fmap1" forall f xs ys . apSeq (fmapSeq f xs) ys = liftA2Seq f xs ys
    "ap/fmap2" forall f gs xs . apSeq gs (fmapSeq f xs) =
                                  liftA2Seq (\g x -> g (f x)) gs xs
    "fmap/ap" forall f gs xs . fmapSeq f (gs `apSeq` xs) =
                                 liftA2Seq (\g x -> f (g x)) gs xs
    "fmap/liftA2" forall f g m n . fmapSeq f (liftA2Seq g m n) =
                           liftA2Seq (\x y -> f (g x y)) m n
    "liftA2/fmap1" forall f g m n . liftA2Seq f (fmapSeq g m) n =
                           liftA2Seq (\x y -> f (g x) y) m n
    "liftA2/fmap2" forall f g m n . liftA2Seq f m (fmapSeq g n) =
                           liftA2Seq (\x y -> f x (g y)) m n
     #-}

    ap2FT :: (a -> b) -> FingerTree (Elem (a->b)) -> (a -> b) -> (a,a) -> FingerTree (Elem b)
    ap2FT firstf fs lastf (x,y) =
                     Deep (size fs * 2 + 4)
                          (Two (Elem $ firstf x) (Elem $ firstf y))
                          (mapMulFT 2 (\(Elem f) -> Node2 2 (Elem (f x)) (Elem (f y))) fs)
                          (Two (Elem $ lastf x) (Elem $ lastf y))

    ap3FT :: (a -> b) -> FingerTree (Elem (a->b)) -> (a -> b) -> (a,a,a) -> FingerTree (Elem b)
    ap3FT firstf fs lastf (x,y,z) = Deep (size fs * 3 + 6)
                            (Three (Elem $ firstf x) (Elem $ firstf y) (Elem $ firstf z))
                            (mapMulFT 3 (\(Elem f) -> Node3 3 (Elem (f x)) (Elem (f y)) (Elem (f z))) fs)
                            (Three (Elem $ lastf x) (Elem $ lastf y) (Elem $ lastf z))

    lift2FT :: (a -> b -> c) -> a -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> a -> (b,b) -> FingerTree (Elem c)
    lift2FT f firstx xs lastx (y1,y2) =
                     Deep (size xs * 2 + 4)
                          (Two (Elem $ f firstx y1) (Elem $ f firstx y2))
                          (mapMulFT 2 (\(Elem x) -> Node2 2 (Elem (f x y1)) (Elem (f x y2))) xs)
                          (Two (Elem $ f lastx y1) (Elem $ f lastx y2))

    lift3FT :: (a -> b -> c) -> a -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> a -> (b,b,b) -> FingerTree (Elem c)
    lift3FT f firstx xs lastx (y1,y2,y3) =
                     Deep (size xs * 3 + 6)
                          (Three (Elem $ f firstx y1) (Elem $ f firstx y2) (Elem $ f firstx y3))
                          (mapMulFT 3 (\(Elem x) -> Node3 3 (Elem (f x y1)) (Elem (f x y2)) (Elem (f x y3))) xs)
                          (Three (Elem $ f lastx y1) (Elem $ f lastx y2) (Elem $ f lastx y3))

    liftA2Seq :: (a -> b -> c) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c
    liftA2Seq f xs ys@(Seq ysFT) = case viewl xs of
      EmptyL -> empty
      firstx :< xs' -> case viewr xs' of
        EmptyR -> f firstx <$> ys
        Seq xs''FT :> lastx -> case rigidify ysFT of
          RigidEmpty -> empty
          RigidOne (Elem y) -> fmap (\x -> f x y) xs
          RigidTwo (Elem y1) (Elem y2) ->
            Seq $ lift2FT f firstx xs''FT lastx (y1, y2)
          RigidThree (Elem y1) (Elem y2) (Elem y3) ->
            Seq $ lift3FT f firstx xs''FT lastx (y1, y2, y3)
          RigidFull r@(Rigid s pr _m sf) -> Seq $
            Deep (s * length xs)
                 (fmap (fmap (f firstx)) (nodeToDigit pr))
                 (aptyMiddle (fmap (f firstx)) (fmap (f lastx)) (lift_elem f) xs''FT r)
                 (fmap (fmap (f lastx)) (nodeToDigit sf))
      where
        lift_elem :: (a -> b -> c) -> a -> Elem b -> Elem c
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 708
        lift_elem = coerce
    #else
        lift_elem f x (Elem y) = Elem (f x y)
    #endif
    {-# NOINLINE [1] liftA2Seq #-}

    data Rigidified a = RigidEmpty
                      | RigidOne a
                      | RigidTwo a a
                      | RigidThree a a a
                      | RigidFull (Rigid a)
    #ifdef TESTING
                      deriving Show
    #endif

    -- | A finger tree whose top level has only Two and/or Three digits, and whose
    -- other levels have only One and Two digits. A Rigid tree is precisely what one
    -- gets by unzipping/inverting a 2-3 tree, so it is precisely what we need to
    -- turn a finger tree into in order to transform it into a 2-3 tree.
    data Rigid a = Rigid {-# UNPACK #-} !Int !(Digit23 a) (Thin (Node a)) !(Digit23 a)
    #ifdef TESTING
                 deriving Show
    #endif

    -- | A finger tree whose digits are all ones and twos
    data Thin a = EmptyTh
                | SingleTh a
                | DeepTh {-# UNPACK #-} !Int !(Digit12 a) (Thin (Node a)) !(Digit12 a)
    #ifdef TESTING
                deriving Show
    #endif

    data Digit12 a = One12 a | Two12 a a
    #ifdef TESTING
            deriving Show
    #endif

    -- | Sometimes, we want to emphasize that we are viewing a node as a top-level
    -- digit of a 'Rigid' tree.
    type Digit23 a = Node a

    -- | 'aptyMiddle' does most of the hard work of computing @fs<*>xs@.  It
    -- produces the center part of a finger tree, with a prefix corresponding to
    -- the prefix of @xs@ and a suffix corresponding to the suffix of @xs@ omitted;
    -- the missing suffix and prefix are added by the caller.  For the recursive
    -- call, it squashes the prefix and the suffix into the center tree. Once it
    -- gets to the bottom, it turns the tree into a 2-3 tree, applies 'mapMulFT' to
    -- produce the main body, and glues all the pieces together.
    --
    -- 'map23' itself is a bit horrifying because of the nested types involved. Its
    -- job is to map over the *elements* of a 2-3 tree, rather than the subtrees.
    -- If we used a higher-order nested type with MPTC, we could probably use a
    -- class, but as it is we have to build up 'map23' explicitly through the
    -- recursion.
    aptyMiddle
      :: (b -> c)
         -> (b -> c)
         -> (a -> b -> c)
         -> FingerTree (Elem a)
         -> Rigid b
         -> FingerTree (Node c)

    -- Not at the bottom yet

    aptyMiddle firstf
               lastf
               map23
               fs
               (Rigid s pr (DeepTh sm prm mm sfm) sf)
        = Deep (sm + s * (size fs + 1)) -- note: sm = s - size pr - size sf
               (fmap (fmap firstf) (digit12ToDigit prm))
               (aptyMiddle (fmap firstf)
                           (fmap lastf)
                           (fmap . map23)
                           fs
                           (Rigid s (squashL pr prm) mm (squashR sfm sf)))
               (fmap (fmap lastf) (digit12ToDigit sfm))

    -- At the bottom

    aptyMiddle firstf
               lastf
               map23
               fs
               (Rigid s pr EmptyTh sf)
         = deep
                (One (fmap firstf sf))
                (mapMulFT s (\(Elem f) -> fmap (fmap (map23 f)) converted) fs)
                (One (fmap lastf pr))
       where converted = node2 pr sf

    aptyMiddle firstf
               lastf
               map23
               fs
               (Rigid s pr (SingleTh q) sf)
         = deep
                (Two (fmap firstf q) (fmap firstf sf))
                (mapMulFT s (\(Elem f) -> fmap (fmap (map23 f)) converted) fs)
                (Two (fmap lastf pr) (fmap lastf q))
       where converted = node3 pr q sf

    digit12ToDigit :: Digit12 a -> Digit a
    digit12ToDigit (One12 a) = One a
    digit12ToDigit (Two12 a b) = Two a b

    -- Squash the first argument down onto the left side of the second.
    squashL :: Digit23 a -> Digit12 (Node a) -> Digit23 (Node a)
    squashL m (One12 n) = node2 m n
    squashL m (Two12 n1 n2) = node3 m n1 n2

    -- Squash the second argument down onto the right side of the first
    squashR :: Digit12 (Node a) -> Digit23 a -> Digit23 (Node a)
    squashR (One12 n) m = node2 n m
    squashR (Two12 n1 n2) m = node3 n1 n2 m

    -- | /O(m*n)/ (incremental) Takes an /O(m)/ function and a finger tree of size
    -- /n/ and maps the function over the tree leaves. Unlike the usual 'fmap', the
    -- function is applied to the "leaves" of the 'FingerTree' (i.e., given a
    -- @FingerTree (Elem a)@, it applies the function to elements of type @Elem
    -- a@), replacing the leaves with subtrees of at least the same height, e.g.,
    -- @Node(Node(Elem y))@. The multiplier argument serves to make the annotations
    -- match up properly.
    mapMulFT :: Int -> (a -> b) -> FingerTree a -> FingerTree b
    mapMulFT _ _ EmptyT = EmptyT
    mapMulFT _mul f (Single a) = Single (f a)
    mapMulFT mul f (Deep s pr m sf) = Deep (mul * s) (fmap f pr) (mapMulFT mul (mapMulNode mul f) m) (fmap f sf)

    mapMulNode :: Int -> (a -> b) -> Node a -> Node b
    mapMulNode mul f (Node2 s a b)   = Node2 (mul * s) (f a) (f b)
    mapMulNode mul f (Node3 s a b c) = Node3 (mul * s) (f a) (f b) (f c)

    -- | /O(log n)/ (incremental) Takes the extra flexibility out of a 'FingerTree'
    -- to make it a genuine 2-3 finger tree. The result of 'rigidify' will have
    -- only two and three digits at the top level and only one and two
    -- digits elsewhere. If the tree has fewer than four elements, 'rigidify'
    -- will simply extract them, and will not build a tree.
    rigidify :: FingerTree (Elem a) -> Rigidified (Elem a)
    -- The patterns below just fix up the top level of the tree; 'rigidify'
    -- delegates the hard work to 'thin'.

    rigidify EmptyT = RigidEmpty

    rigidify (Single q) = RigidOne q

    -- The left digit is Two or Three
    rigidify (Deep s (Two a b) m sf) = rigidifyRight s (node2 a b) m sf
    rigidify (Deep s (Three a b c) m sf) = rigidifyRight s (node3 a b c) m sf

    -- The left digit is Four
    rigidify (Deep s (Four a b c d) m sf) = rigidifyRight s (node2 a b) (node2 c d `consTree` m) sf

    -- The left digit is One
    rigidify (Deep s (One a) m sf) = case viewLTree m of
       ConsLTree (Node2 _ b c) m' -> rigidifyRight s (node3 a b c) m' sf
       ConsLTree (Node3 _ b c d) m' -> rigidifyRight s (node2 a b) (node2 c d `consTree` m') sf
       EmptyLTree -> case sf of
         One b -> RigidTwo a b
         Two b c -> RigidThree a b c
         Three b c d -> RigidFull $ Rigid s (node2 a b) EmptyTh (node2 c d)
         Four b c d e -> RigidFull $ Rigid s (node3 a b c) EmptyTh (node2 d e)

    -- | /O(log n)/ (incremental) Takes a tree whose left side has been rigidified
    -- and finishes the job.
    rigidifyRight :: Int -> Digit23 (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Node (Elem a)) -> Digit (Elem a) -> Rigidified (Elem a)

    -- The right digit is Two, Three, or Four
    rigidifyRight s pr m (Two a b) = RigidFull $ Rigid s pr (thin m) (node2 a b)
    rigidifyRight s pr m (Three a b c) = RigidFull $ Rigid s pr (thin m) (node3 a b c)
    rigidifyRight s pr m (Four a b c d) = RigidFull $ Rigid s pr (thin $ m `snocTree` node2 a b) (node2 c d)

    -- The right digit is One
    rigidifyRight s pr m (One e) = case viewRTree m of
        SnocRTree m' (Node2 _ a b) -> RigidFull $ Rigid s pr (thin m') (node3 a b e)
        SnocRTree m' (Node3 _ a b c) -> RigidFull $ Rigid s pr (thin $ m' `snocTree` node2 a b) (node2 c e)
        EmptyRTree -> case pr of
          Node2 _ a b -> RigidThree a b e
          Node3 _ a b c -> RigidFull $ Rigid s (node2 a b) EmptyTh (node2 c e)

    -- | /O(log n)/ (incremental) Rejigger a finger tree so the digits are all ones
    -- and twos.
    thin :: Sized a => FingerTree a -> Thin a
    -- Note that 'thin12' will produce a 'DeepTh' constructor immediately before
    -- recursively calling 'thin'.
    thin EmptyT = EmptyTh
    thin (Single a) = SingleTh a
    thin (Deep s pr m sf) =
      case pr of
        One a -> thin12 s (One12 a) m sf
        Two a b -> thin12 s (Two12 a b) m sf
        Three a b c  -> thin12 s (One12 a) (node2 b c `consTree` m) sf
        Four a b c d -> thin12 s (Two12 a b) (node2 c d `consTree` m) sf

    thin12 :: Sized a => Int -> Digit12 a -> FingerTree (Node a) -> Digit a -> Thin a
    thin12 s pr m (One a) = DeepTh s pr (thin m) (One12 a)
    thin12 s pr m (Two a b) = DeepTh s pr (thin m) (Two12 a b)
    thin12 s pr m (Three a b c) = DeepTh s pr (thin $ m `snocTree` node2 a b) (One12 c)
    thin12 s pr m (Four a b c d) = DeepTh s pr (thin $ m `snocTree` node2 a b) (Two12 c d)

    -- | Intersperse an element between the elements of a sequence.
    --
    -- @
    -- intersperse a empty = empty
    -- intersperse a (singleton x) = singleton x
    -- intersperse a (fromList [x,y]) = fromList [x,a,y]
    -- intersperse a (fromList [x,y,z]) = fromList [x,a,y,a,z]
    -- @
    --
    -- @since 0.5.8
    intersperse :: a -> Seq a -> Seq a
    intersperse y xs = case viewl xs of
      EmptyL -> empty
      p :< ps -> p <| (ps <**> (const y <| singleton id))
    -- We used to use
    --
    -- intersperse y xs = drop 1 $ xs <**> (const y <| singleton id)
    --
    -- but if length xs = ((maxBound :: Int) `quot` 2) + 1 then
    --
    -- length (xs <**> (const y <| singleton id)) will wrap around to negative
    -- and the drop won't work. The new implementation can produce a result
    -- right up to maxBound :: Int

    instance MonadPlus Seq where
        mzero = empty
        mplus = (><)

    instance Alternative Seq where
        empty = empty
        (<|>) = (><)

    instance Eq a => Eq (Seq a) where
        xs == ys = length xs == length ys && toList xs == toList ys

    instance Ord a => Ord (Seq a) where
        compare xs ys = compare (toList xs) (toList ys)

    #ifdef TESTING
    instance Show a => Show (Seq a) where
        showsPrec p (Seq x) = showsPrec p x
    #else
    instance Show a => Show (Seq a) where
        showsPrec p xs = showParen (p > 10) $
            showString "fromList " . shows (toList xs)
    #endif

    #if MIN_VERSION_base(4,9,0)
    instance Show1 Seq where
      liftShowsPrec _shwsPrc shwList p xs = showParen (p > 10) $
            showString "fromList " . shwList (toList xs)

    instance Eq1 Seq where
        liftEq eq xs ys = length xs == length ys && liftEq eq (toList xs) (toList ys)

    instance Ord1 Seq where
        liftCompare cmp xs ys = liftCompare cmp (toList xs) (toList ys)
    #endif

    instance Read a => Read (Seq a) where
    #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
        readPrec = parens $ prec 10 $ do
            Ident "fromList" <- lexP
            xs <- readPrec
            return (fromList xs)

        readListPrec = readListPrecDefault
    #else
        readsPrec p = readParen (p > 10) $ \ r -> do
            ("fromList",s) <- lex r
            (xs,t) <- reads s
            return (fromList xs,t)
    #endif

    #if MIN_VERSION_base(4,9,0)
    instance Read1 Seq where
      liftReadsPrec _rp readLst p = readParen (p > 10) $ \r -> do
        ("fromList",s) <- lex r
        (xs,t) <- readLst s
        pure (fromList xs, t)
    #endif

    instance Monoid (Seq a) where
        mempty = empty
        mappend = (><)

    #if MIN_VERSION_base(4,9,0)
    instance Semigroup.Semigroup (Seq a) where
        (<>)    = (><)
    #endif

    INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1(Seq)

    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
    instance Data a => Data (Seq a) where
        gfoldl f z s    = case viewl s of
            EmptyL  -> z empty
            x :< xs -> z (<|) `f` x `f` xs

        gunfold k z c   = case constrIndex c of
            1 -> z empty
            2 -> k (k (z (<|)))
            _ -> error "gunfold"

        toConstr xs
          | null xs     = emptyConstr
          | otherwise   = consConstr

        dataTypeOf _    = seqDataType

        dataCast1 f     = gcast1 f

    emptyConstr, consConstr :: Constr
    emptyConstr = mkConstr seqDataType "empty" [] Prefix
    consConstr  = mkConstr seqDataType "<|" [] Infix

    seqDataType :: DataType
    seqDataType = mkDataType "Data.Sequence.Seq" [emptyConstr, consConstr]
    #endif

    -- Finger trees

    data FingerTree a
        = EmptyT
        | Single a
        | Deep {-# UNPACK #-} !Int !(Digit a) (FingerTree (Node a)) !(Digit a)
    #ifdef TESTING
        deriving Show
    #endif

    instance Sized a => Sized (FingerTree a) where
        {-# SPECIALIZE instance Sized (FingerTree (Elem a)) #-}
        {-# SPECIALIZE instance Sized (FingerTree (Node a)) #-}
        size EmptyT             = 0
        size (Single x)         = size x
        size (Deep v _ _ _)     = v

    instance Foldable FingerTree where
        foldMap _ EmptyT = mempty
        foldMap f (Single x) = f x
        foldMap f (Deep _ pr m sf) =
            foldMap f pr <> foldMap (foldMap f) m <> foldMap f sf

        foldr _ z EmptyT = z
        foldr f z (Single x) = x `f` z
        foldr f z (Deep _ pr m sf) =
            foldr f (foldr (flip (foldr f)) (foldr f z sf) m) pr

        foldl _ z EmptyT = z
        foldl f z (Single x) = z `f` x
        foldl f z (Deep _ pr m sf) =
            foldl f (foldl (foldl f) (foldl f z pr) m) sf

    #if MIN_VERSION_base(4,6,0)
        foldr' _ z EmptyT = z
        foldr' f z (Single x) = f x z
        foldr' f z (Deep _ pr m sf) = foldr' f mres pr
            where !sfRes = foldr' f z sf
                  !mres = foldr' (flip (foldr' f)) sfRes m

        foldl' _ z EmptyT = z
        foldl' f z (Single x) = z `f` x
        foldl' f z (Deep _ pr m sf) = foldl' f mres sf
            where !prRes = foldl' f z pr
                  !mres = foldl' (foldl' f) prRes m
    #endif

        foldr1 _ EmptyT = error "foldr1: empty sequence"
        foldr1 _ (Single x) = x
        foldr1 f (Deep _ pr m sf) =
            foldr f (foldr (flip (foldr f)) (foldr1 f sf) m) pr

        foldl1 _ EmptyT = error "foldl1: empty sequence"
        foldl1 _ (Single x) = x
        foldl1 f (Deep _ pr m sf) =
            foldl f (foldl (foldl f) (foldl1 f pr) m) sf

    instance Functor FingerTree where
        fmap _ EmptyT = EmptyT
        fmap f (Single x) = Single (f x)
        fmap f (Deep v pr m sf) =
            Deep v (fmap f pr) (fmap (fmap f) m) (fmap f sf)

    instance Traversable FingerTree where
        traverse _ EmptyT = pure EmptyT
        traverse f (Single x) = Single <$> f x
        traverse f (Deep v pr m sf) =
            liftA3 (Deep v) (traverse f pr) (traverse (traverse f) m)
                (traverse f sf)

    instance NFData a => NFData (FingerTree a) where
        rnf EmptyT = ()
        rnf (Single x) = rnf x
        rnf (Deep _ pr m sf) = rnf pr `seq` rnf sf `seq` rnf m

    {-# INLINE deep #-}
    deep            :: Sized a => Digit a -> FingerTree (Node a) -> Digit a -> FingerTree a
    deep pr m sf    =  Deep (size pr + size m + size sf) pr m sf

    {-# INLINE pullL #-}
    pullL :: Int -> FingerTree (Node a) -> Digit a -> FingerTree a
    pullL s m sf = case viewLTree m of
        EmptyLTree          -> digitToTree' s sf
        ConsLTree pr m'     -> Deep s (nodeToDigit pr) m' sf

    {-# INLINE pullR #-}
    pullR :: Int -> Digit a -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree a
    pullR s pr m = case viewRTree m of
        EmptyRTree          -> digitToTree' s pr
        SnocRTree m' sf     -> Deep s pr m' (nodeToDigit sf)

    -- Digits

    data Digit a
        = One a
        | Two a a
        | Three a a a
        | Four a a a a
    #ifdef TESTING
        deriving Show
    #endif

    instance Foldable Digit where
        foldMap f (One a) = f a
        foldMap f (Two a b) = f a <> f b
        foldMap f (Three a b c) = f a <> f b <> f c
        foldMap f (Four a b c d) = f a <> f b <> f c <> f d

        foldr f z (One a) = a `f` z
        foldr f z (Two a b) = a `f` (b `f` z)
        foldr f z (Three a b c) = a `f` (b `f` (c `f` z))
        foldr f z (Four a b c d) = a `f` (b `f` (c `f` (d `f` z)))

        foldl f z (One a) = z `f` a
        foldl f z (Two a b) = (z `f` a) `f` b
        foldl f z (Three a b c) = ((z `f` a) `f` b) `f` c
        foldl f z (Four a b c d) = (((z `f` a) `f` b) `f` c) `f` d

    #if MIN_VERSION_base(4,6,0)
        foldr' f z (One a) = a `f` z
        foldr' f z (Two a b) = f a $! f b z
        foldr' f z (Three a b c) = f a $! f b $! f c z
        foldr' f z (Four a b c d) = f a $! f b $! f c $! f d z

        foldl' f z (One a) = f z a
        foldl' f z (Two a b) = (f $! f z a) b
        foldl' f z (Three a b c) = (f $! (f $! f z a) b) c
        foldl' f z (Four a b c d) = (f $! (f $! (f $! f z a) b) c) d
    #endif

        foldr1 _ (One a) = a
        foldr1 f (Two a b) = a `f` b
        foldr1 f (Three a b c) = a `f` (b `f` c)
        foldr1 f (Four a b c d) = a `f` (b `f` (c `f` d))

        foldl1 _ (One a) = a
        foldl1 f (Two a b) = a `f` b
        foldl1 f (Three a b c) = (a `f` b) `f` c
        foldl1 f (Four a b c d) = ((a `f` b) `f` c) `f` d

    instance Functor Digit where
        {-# INLINE fmap #-}
        fmap f (One a) = One (f a)
        fmap f (Two a b) = Two (f a) (f b)
        fmap f (Three a b c) = Three (f a) (f b) (f c)
        fmap f (Four a b c d) = Four (f a) (f b) (f c) (f d)

    instance Traversable Digit where
        {-# INLINE traverse #-}
        traverse f (One a) = One <$> f a
        traverse f (Two a b) = liftA2 Two (f a) (f b)
        traverse f (Three a b c) = liftA3 Three (f a) (f b) (f c)
        traverse f (Four a b c d) = liftA3 Four (f a) (f b) (f c) <*> f d

    instance NFData a => NFData (Digit a) where
        rnf (One a) = rnf a
        rnf (Two a b) = rnf a `seq` rnf b
        rnf (Three a b c) = rnf a `seq` rnf b `seq` rnf c
        rnf (Four a b c d) = rnf a `seq` rnf b `seq` rnf c `seq` rnf d

    instance Sized a => Sized (Digit a) where
        {-# INLINE size #-}
        size = foldl1 (+) . fmap size

    {-# SPECIALIZE digitToTree :: Digit (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE digitToTree :: Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node a) #-}
    digitToTree     :: Sized a => Digit a -> FingerTree a
    digitToTree (One a) = Single a
    digitToTree (Two a b) = deep (One a) EmptyT (One b)
    digitToTree (Three a b c) = deep (Two a b) EmptyT (One c)
    digitToTree (Four a b c d) = deep (Two a b) EmptyT (Two c d)

    -- | Given the size of a digit and the digit itself, efficiently converts
    -- it to a FingerTree.
    digitToTree' :: Int -> Digit a -> FingerTree a
    digitToTree' n (Four a b c d) = Deep n (Two a b) EmptyT (Two c d)
    digitToTree' n (Three a b c) = Deep n (Two a b) EmptyT (One c)
    digitToTree' n (Two a b) = Deep n (One a) EmptyT (One b)
    digitToTree' !_n (One a) = Single a

    -- Nodes

    data Node a
        = Node2 {-# UNPACK #-} !Int a a
        | Node3 {-# UNPACK #-} !Int a a a
    #ifdef TESTING
        deriving Show
    #endif

    instance Foldable Node where
        foldMap f (Node2 _ a b) = f a <> f b
        foldMap f (Node3 _ a b c) = f a <> f b <> f c

        foldr f z (Node2 _ a b) = a `f` (b `f` z)
        foldr f z (Node3 _ a b c) = a `f` (b `f` (c `f` z))

        foldl f z (Node2 _ a b) = (z `f` a) `f` b
        foldl f z (Node3 _ a b c) = ((z `f` a) `f` b) `f` c

    #if MIN_VERSION_base(4,6,0)
        foldr' f z (Node2 _ a b) = f a $! f b z
        foldr' f z (Node3 _ a b c) = f a $! f b $! f c z

        foldl' f z (Node2 _ a b) = (f $! f z a) b
        foldl' f z (Node3 _ a b c) = (f $! (f $! f z a) b) c
    #endif

    instance Functor Node where
        {-# INLINE fmap #-}
        fmap f (Node2 v a b) = Node2 v (f a) (f b)
        fmap f (Node3 v a b c) = Node3 v (f a) (f b) (f c)

    instance Traversable Node where
        {-# INLINE traverse #-}
        traverse f (Node2 v a b) = liftA2 (Node2 v) (f a) (f b)
        traverse f (Node3 v a b c) = liftA3 (Node3 v) (f a) (f b) (f c)

    instance NFData a => NFData (Node a) where
        rnf (Node2 _ a b) = rnf a `seq` rnf b
        rnf (Node3 _ a b c) = rnf a `seq` rnf b `seq` rnf c

    instance Sized (Node a) where
        size (Node2 v _ _)      = v
        size (Node3 v _ _ _)    = v

    {-# INLINE node2 #-}
    node2           :: Sized a => a -> a -> Node a
    node2 a b       =  Node2 (size a + size b) a b

    {-# INLINE node3 #-}
    node3           :: Sized a => a -> a -> a -> Node a
    node3 a b c     =  Node3 (size a + size b + size c) a b c

    nodeToDigit :: Node a -> Digit a
    nodeToDigit (Node2 _ a b) = Two a b
    nodeToDigit (Node3 _ a b c) = Three a b c

    -- Elements

    newtype Elem a  =  Elem { getElem :: a }
    #ifdef TESTING
        deriving Show
    #endif

    instance Sized (Elem a) where
        size _ = 1

    instance Functor Elem where
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 708
    -- This cuts the time for <*> by around a fifth.
        fmap = coerce
    #else
        fmap f (Elem x) = Elem (f x)
    #endif

    instance Foldable Elem where
        foldr f z (Elem x) = f x z
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 708
        foldMap = coerce
        foldl = coerce
        foldl' = coerce
    #else
        foldMap f (Elem x) = f x
        foldl f z (Elem x) = f z x
    #if MIN_VERSION_base(4,6,0)
        foldl' f z (Elem x) = f z x
    #endif
    #endif

    instance Traversable Elem where
        traverse f (Elem x) = Elem <$> f x

    instance NFData a => NFData (Elem a) where
        rnf (Elem x) = rnf x

    -------------------------------------------------------
    -- Applicative construction
    -------------------------------------------------------
    #if !MIN_VERSION_base(4,8,0)
    newtype Identity a = Identity {runIdentity :: a}

    instance Functor Identity where
        fmap f (Identity x) = Identity (f x)

    instance Applicative Identity where
        pure = Identity
        Identity f <*> Identity x = Identity (f x)
    #endif

    -- | This is essentially a clone of Control.Monad.State.Strict.
    newtype State s a = State {runState :: s -> (s, a)}

    instance Functor (State s) where
        fmap = liftA

    instance Monad (State s) where
        {-# INLINE return #-}
        {-# INLINE (>>=) #-}
        return = pure
        m >>= k = State $ \ s -> case runState m s of
            (s', x) -> runState (k x) s'

    instance Applicative (State s) where
        {-# INLINE pure #-}
        pure x = State $ \ s -> (s, x)
        (<*>) = ap

    execState :: State s a -> s -> a
    execState m x = snd (runState m x)

    -- | 'applicativeTree' takes an Applicative-wrapped construction of a
    -- piece of a FingerTree, assumed to always have the same size (which
    -- is put in the second argument), and replicates it as many times as
    -- specified.  This is a generalization of 'replicateA', which itself
    -- is a generalization of many Data.Sequence methods.
    {-# SPECIALIZE applicativeTree :: Int -> Int -> State s a -> State s (FingerTree a) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE applicativeTree :: Int -> Int -> Identity a -> Identity (FingerTree a) #-}
    -- Special note: the Identity specialization automatically does node sharing,
    -- reducing memory usage of the resulting tree to /O(log n)/.
    applicativeTree :: Applicative f => Int -> Int -> f a -> f (FingerTree a)
    applicativeTree n !mSize m = case n of
        0 -> pure EmptyT
        1 -> fmap Single m
        2 -> deepA one emptyTree one
        3 -> deepA two emptyTree one
        4 -> deepA two emptyTree two
        5 -> deepA three emptyTree two
        6 -> deepA three emptyTree three
        _ -> case n `quotRem` 3 of
               (q,0) -> deepA three (applicativeTree (q - 2) mSize' n3) three
               (q,1) -> deepA two (applicativeTree (q - 1) mSize' n3) two
               (q,_) -> deepA three (applicativeTree (q - 1) mSize' n3) two
          where !mSize' = 3 * mSize
                n3 = liftA3 (Node3 mSize') m m m
      where
        one = fmap One m
        two = liftA2 Two m m
        three = liftA3 Three m m m
        deepA = liftA3 (Deep (n * mSize))
        emptyTree = pure EmptyT

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Construction
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    -- | /O(1)/. The empty sequence.
    empty           :: Seq a
    empty           =  Seq EmptyT

    -- | /O(1)/. A singleton sequence.
    singleton       :: a -> Seq a
    singleton x     =  Seq (Single (Elem x))

    -- | /O(log n)/. @replicate n x@ is a sequence consisting of @n@ copies of @x@.
    replicate       :: Int -> a -> Seq a
    replicate n x
      | n >= 0      = runIdentity (replicateA n (Identity x))
      | otherwise   = error "replicate takes a nonnegative integer argument"

    -- | 'replicateA' is an 'Applicative' version of 'replicate', and makes
    -- /O(log n)/ calls to 'liftA2' and 'pure'.
    --
    -- > replicateA n x = sequenceA (replicate n x)
    replicateA :: Applicative f => Int -> f a -> f (Seq a)
    replicateA n x
      | n >= 0      = Seq <$> applicativeTree n 1 (Elem <$> x)
      | otherwise   = error "replicateA takes a nonnegative integer argument"

    -- | 'replicateM' is a sequence counterpart of 'Control.Monad.replicateM'.
    --
    -- > replicateM n x = sequence (replicate n x)
    replicateM :: Monad m => Int -> m a -> m (Seq a)
    replicateM n x
      | n >= 0      = unwrapMonad (replicateA n (WrapMonad x))
      | otherwise   = error "replicateM takes a nonnegative integer argument"

    -- | /O(log(k))/. @'cycleTaking' k xs@ forms a sequence of length @k@ by
    -- repeatedly concatenating @xs@ with itself. @xs@ may only be empty if
    -- @k@ is 0.
    --
    -- prop> cycleTaking k = fromList . take k . cycle . toList

    -- If you wish to concatenate a non-empty sequence @xs@ with itself precisely
    -- @k@ times, you can use @cycleTaking (k * length xs)@ or just
    -- @replicate k () *> xs@.
    --
    -- @since 0.5.8
    cycleTaking :: Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
    cycleTaking n !_xs | n <= 0 = empty
    cycleTaking _n xs  | null xs = error "cycleTaking cannot take a positive number of elements from an empty cycle."
    cycleTaking n xs = cycleNTimes reps xs >< take final xs
      where
        (reps, final) = n `quotRem` length xs

    -- | /O(log(kn))/. @'cycleNTimes' k xs@ concatenates @k@ copies of @xs@. This
    -- operation uses time and additional space logarithmic in the size of its
    -- result.
    cycleNTimes :: Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
    cycleNTimes n !xs
      | n <= 0    = empty
      | n == 1    = xs
    cycleNTimes n (Seq xsFT) = case rigidify xsFT of
                 RigidEmpty -> empty
                 RigidOne (Elem x) -> replicate n x
                 RigidTwo x1 x2 -> Seq $
                   Deep (n*2) pair
                        (runIdentity $ applicativeTree (n-2) 2 (Identity (node2 x1 x2)))
                        pair
                   where pair = Two x1 x2
                 RigidThree x1 x2 x3 -> Seq $
                   Deep (n*3) triple
                        (runIdentity $ applicativeTree (n-2) 3 (Identity (node3 x1 x2 x3)))
                        triple
                   where triple = Three x1 x2 x3
                 RigidFull r@(Rigid s pr _m sf) -> Seq $
                       Deep (n*s)
                            (nodeToDigit pr)
                            (cycleNMiddle (n-2) r)
                            (nodeToDigit sf)

    cycleNMiddle
      :: Int
         -> Rigid c
         -> FingerTree (Node c)

    -- Not at the bottom yet

    cycleNMiddle !n
               (Rigid s pr (DeepTh sm prm mm sfm) sf)
        = Deep (sm + s * (n + 1)) -- note: sm = s - size pr - size sf
               (digit12ToDigit prm)
               (cycleNMiddle n
                           (Rigid s (squashL pr prm) mm (squashR sfm sf)))
               (digit12ToDigit sfm)

    -- At the bottom

    cycleNMiddle n
               (Rigid s pr EmptyTh sf)
         = deep
                (One sf)
                (runIdentity $ applicativeTree n s (Identity converted))
                (One pr)
       where converted = node2 pr sf

    cycleNMiddle n
               (Rigid s pr (SingleTh q) sf)
         = deep
                (Two q sf)
                (runIdentity $ applicativeTree n s (Identity converted))
                (Two pr q)
       where converted = node3 pr q sf

    -- | /O(1)/. Add an element to the left end of a sequence.
    -- Mnemonic: a triangle with the single element at the pointy end.
    (<|)            :: a -> Seq a -> Seq a
    x <| Seq xs     =  Seq (Elem x `consTree` xs)

    {-# SPECIALIZE consTree :: Elem a -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE consTree :: Node a -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node a) #-}
    consTree        :: Sized a => a -> FingerTree a -> FingerTree a
    consTree a EmptyT       = Single a
    consTree a (Single b)   = deep (One a) EmptyT (One b)
    -- As described in the paper, we force the middle of a tree
    -- *before* consing onto it; this preserves the amortized
    -- bounds but prevents repeated consing from building up
    -- gigantic suspensions.
    consTree a (Deep s (Four b c d e) m sf) = m `seq`
        Deep (size a + s) (Two a b) (node3 c d e `consTree` m) sf
    consTree a (Deep s (Three b c d) m sf) =
        Deep (size a + s) (Four a b c d) m sf
    consTree a (Deep s (Two b c) m sf) =
        Deep (size a + s) (Three a b c) m sf
    consTree a (Deep s (One b) m sf) =
        Deep (size a + s) (Two a b) m sf

    cons' :: a -> Seq a -> Seq a
    cons' x (Seq xs) = Seq (Elem x `consTree'` xs)

    snoc' :: Seq a -> a -> Seq a
    snoc' (Seq xs) x = Seq (xs `snocTree'` Elem x)

    {-# SPECIALIZE consTree' :: Elem a -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE consTree' :: Node a -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node a) #-}
    consTree'        :: Sized a => a -> FingerTree a -> FingerTree a
    consTree' a EmptyT       = Single a
    consTree' a (Single b)   = deep (One a) EmptyT (One b)
    -- As described in the paper, we force the middle of a tree
    -- *before* consing onto it; this preserves the amortized
    -- bounds but prevents repeated consing from building up
    -- gigantic suspensions.
    consTree' a (Deep s (Four b c d e) m sf) =
        Deep (size a + s) (Two a b) m' sf
      where !m' = abc `consTree'` m
            !abc = node3 c d e
    consTree' a (Deep s (Three b c d) m sf) =
        Deep (size a + s) (Four a b c d) m sf
    consTree' a (Deep s (Two b c) m sf) =
        Deep (size a + s) (Three a b c) m sf
    consTree' a (Deep s (One b) m sf) =
        Deep (size a + s) (Two a b) m sf

    -- | /O(1)/. Add an element to the right end of a sequence.
    -- Mnemonic: a triangle with the single element at the pointy end.
    (|>)            :: Seq a -> a -> Seq a
    Seq xs |> x     =  Seq (xs `snocTree` Elem x)

    {-# SPECIALIZE snocTree :: FingerTree (Elem a) -> Elem a -> FingerTree (Elem a) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE snocTree :: FingerTree (Node a) -> Node a -> FingerTree (Node a) #-}
    snocTree        :: Sized a => FingerTree a -> a -> FingerTree a
    snocTree EmptyT a       =  Single a
    snocTree (Single a) b   =  deep (One a) EmptyT (One b)
    -- See note on `seq` in `consTree`.
    snocTree (Deep s pr m (Four a b c d)) e = m `seq`
        Deep (s + size e) pr (m `snocTree` node3 a b c) (Two d e)
    snocTree (Deep s pr m (Three a b c)) d =
        Deep (s + size d) pr m (Four a b c d)
    snocTree (Deep s pr m (Two a b)) c =
        Deep (s + size c) pr m (Three a b c)
    snocTree (Deep s pr m (One a)) b =
        Deep (s + size b) pr m (Two a b)

    {-# SPECIALIZE snocTree' :: FingerTree (Elem a) -> Elem a -> FingerTree (Elem a) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE snocTree' :: FingerTree (Node a) -> Node a -> FingerTree (Node a) #-}
    snocTree'        :: Sized a => FingerTree a -> a -> FingerTree a
    snocTree' EmptyT a       =  Single a
    snocTree' (Single a) b   =  deep (One a) EmptyT (One b)
    -- See note on `seq` in `consTree`.
    snocTree' (Deep s pr m (Four a b c d)) e =
        Deep (s + size e) pr m' (Two d e)
      where !m' = m `snocTree'` abc
            !abc = node3 a b c
    snocTree' (Deep s pr m (Three a b c)) d =
        Deep (s + size d) pr m (Four a b c d)
    snocTree' (Deep s pr m (Two a b)) c =
        Deep (s + size c) pr m (Three a b c)
    snocTree' (Deep s pr m (One a)) b =
        Deep (s + size b) pr m (Two a b)

    -- | /O(log(min(n1,n2)))/. Concatenate two sequences.
    (><)            :: Seq a -> Seq a -> Seq a
    Seq xs >< Seq ys = Seq (appendTree0 xs ys)

    -- The appendTree/addDigits gunk below is machine generated

    appendTree0 :: FingerTree (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a)
    appendTree0 EmptyT xs =
        xs
    appendTree0 xs EmptyT =
        xs
    appendTree0 (Single x) xs =
        x `consTree` xs
    appendTree0 xs (Single x) =
        xs `snocTree` x
    appendTree0 (Deep s1 pr1 m1 sf1) (Deep s2 pr2 m2 sf2) =
        Deep (s1 + s2) pr1 m sf2
      where !m = addDigits0 m1 sf1 pr2 m2

    addDigits0 :: FingerTree (Node (Elem a)) -> Digit (Elem a) -> Digit (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Node (Elem a)) -> FingerTree (Node (Elem a))
    addDigits0 m1 (One a) (One b) m2 =
        appendTree1 m1 (node2 a b) m2
    addDigits0 m1 (One a) (Two b c) m2 =
        appendTree1 m1 (node3 a b c) m2
    addDigits0 m1 (One a) (Three b c d) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node2 a b) (node2 c d) m2
    addDigits0 m1 (One a) (Four b c d e) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) m2
    addDigits0 m1 (Two a b) (One c) m2 =
        appendTree1 m1 (node3 a b c) m2
    addDigits0 m1 (Two a b) (Two c d) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node2 a b) (node2 c d) m2
    addDigits0 m1 (Two a b) (Three c d e) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) m2
    addDigits0 m1 (Two a b) (Four c d e f) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
    addDigits0 m1 (Three a b c) (One d) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node2 a b) (node2 c d) m2
    addDigits0 m1 (Three a b c) (Two d e) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) m2
    addDigits0 m1 (Three a b c) (Three d e f) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
    addDigits0 m1 (Three a b c) (Four d e f g) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
    addDigits0 m1 (Four a b c d) (One e) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) m2
    addDigits0 m1 (Four a b c d) (Two e f) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
    addDigits0 m1 (Four a b c d) (Three e f g) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
    addDigits0 m1 (Four a b c d) (Four e f g h) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2

    appendTree1 :: FingerTree (Node a) -> Node a -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node a)
    appendTree1 EmptyT !a xs =
        a `consTree` xs
    appendTree1 xs !a EmptyT =
        xs `snocTree` a
    appendTree1 (Single x) !a xs =
        x `consTree` a `consTree` xs
    appendTree1 xs !a (Single x) =
        xs `snocTree` a `snocTree` x
    appendTree1 (Deep s1 pr1 m1 sf1) a (Deep s2 pr2 m2 sf2) =
        Deep (s1 + size a + s2) pr1 m sf2
      where !m = addDigits1 m1 sf1 a pr2 m2

    addDigits1 :: FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> Digit (Node a) -> Node a -> Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a))
    addDigits1 m1 (One a) b (One c) m2 =
        appendTree1 m1 (node3 a b c) m2
    addDigits1 m1 (One a) b (Two c d) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node2 a b) (node2 c d) m2
    addDigits1 m1 (One a) b (Three c d e) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) m2
    addDigits1 m1 (One a) b (Four c d e f) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
    addDigits1 m1 (Two a b) c (One d) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node2 a b) (node2 c d) m2
    addDigits1 m1 (Two a b) c (Two d e) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) m2
    addDigits1 m1 (Two a b) c (Three d e f) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
    addDigits1 m1 (Two a b) c (Four d e f g) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
    addDigits1 m1 (Three a b c) d (One e) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) m2
    addDigits1 m1 (Three a b c) d (Two e f) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
    addDigits1 m1 (Three a b c) d (Three e f g) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
    addDigits1 m1 (Three a b c) d (Four e f g h) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
    addDigits1 m1 (Four a b c d) e (One f) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
    addDigits1 m1 (Four a b c d) e (Two f g) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
    addDigits1 m1 (Four a b c d) e (Three f g h) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
    addDigits1 m1 (Four a b c d) e (Four f g h i) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) m2

    appendTree2 :: FingerTree (Node a) -> Node a -> Node a -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node a)
    appendTree2 EmptyT !a !b xs =
        a `consTree` b `consTree` xs
    appendTree2 xs !a !b EmptyT =
        xs `snocTree` a `snocTree` b
    appendTree2 (Single x) a b xs =
        x `consTree` a `consTree` b `consTree` xs
    appendTree2 xs a b (Single x) =
        xs `snocTree` a `snocTree` b `snocTree` x
    appendTree2 (Deep s1 pr1 m1 sf1) a b (Deep s2 pr2 m2 sf2) =
        Deep (s1 + size a + size b + s2) pr1 m sf2
      where !m = addDigits2 m1 sf1 a b pr2 m2

    addDigits2 :: FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> Digit (Node a) -> Node a -> Node a -> Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a))
    addDigits2 m1 (One a) b c (One d) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node2 a b) (node2 c d) m2
    addDigits2 m1 (One a) b c (Two d e) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) m2
    addDigits2 m1 (One a) b c (Three d e f) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
    addDigits2 m1 (One a) b c (Four d e f g) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
    addDigits2 m1 (Two a b) c d (One e) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) m2
    addDigits2 m1 (Two a b) c d (Two e f) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
    addDigits2 m1 (Two a b) c d (Three e f g) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
    addDigits2 m1 (Two a b) c d (Four e f g h) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
    addDigits2 m1 (Three a b c) d e (One f) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
    addDigits2 m1 (Three a b c) d e (Two f g) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
    addDigits2 m1 (Three a b c) d e (Three f g h) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
    addDigits2 m1 (Three a b c) d e (Four f g h i) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) m2
    addDigits2 m1 (Four a b c d) e f (One g) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
    addDigits2 m1 (Four a b c d) e f (Two g h) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
    addDigits2 m1 (Four a b c d) e f (Three g h i) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) m2
    addDigits2 m1 (Four a b c d) e f (Four g h i j) m2 =
        appendTree4 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) (node2 i j) m2

    appendTree3 :: FingerTree (Node a) -> Node a -> Node a -> Node a -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node a)
    appendTree3 EmptyT !a !b !c xs =
        a `consTree` b `consTree` c `consTree` xs
    appendTree3 xs !a !b !c EmptyT =
        xs `snocTree` a `snocTree` b `snocTree` c
    appendTree3 (Single x) a b c xs =
        x `consTree` a `consTree` b `consTree` c `consTree` xs
    appendTree3 xs a b c (Single x) =
        xs `snocTree` a `snocTree` b `snocTree` c `snocTree` x
    appendTree3 (Deep s1 pr1 m1 sf1) a b c (Deep s2 pr2 m2 sf2) =
        Deep (s1 + size a + size b + size c + s2) pr1 m sf2
      where !m = addDigits3 m1 sf1 a b c pr2 m2

    addDigits3 :: FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> Digit (Node a) -> Node a -> Node a -> Node a -> Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a))
    addDigits3 m1 (One a) !b !c !d (One e) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) m2
    addDigits3 m1 (One a) b c d (Two e f) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
    addDigits3 m1 (One a) b c d (Three e f g) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
    addDigits3 m1 (One a) b c d (Four e f g h) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
    addDigits3 m1 (Two a b) !c !d !e (One f) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
    addDigits3 m1 (Two a b) c d e (Two f g) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
    addDigits3 m1 (Two a b) c d e (Three f g h) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
    addDigits3 m1 (Two a b) c d e (Four f g h i) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) m2
    addDigits3 m1 (Three a b c) !d !e !f (One g) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
    addDigits3 m1 (Three a b c) d e f (Two g h) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
    addDigits3 m1 (Three a b c) d e f (Three g h i) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) m2
    addDigits3 m1 (Three a b c) d e f (Four g h i j) m2 =
        appendTree4 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) (node2 i j) m2
    addDigits3 m1 (Four a b c d) !e !f !g (One h) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
    addDigits3 m1 (Four a b c d) e f g (Two h i) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) m2
    addDigits3 m1 (Four a b c d) e f g (Three h i j) m2 =
        appendTree4 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) (node2 i j) m2
    addDigits3 m1 (Four a b c d) e f g (Four h i j k) m2 =
        appendTree4 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) (node2 j k) m2

    appendTree4 :: FingerTree (Node a) -> Node a -> Node a -> Node a -> Node a -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node a)
    appendTree4 EmptyT !a !b !c !d xs =
        a `consTree` b `consTree` c `consTree` d `consTree` xs
    appendTree4 xs !a !b !c !d EmptyT =
        xs `snocTree` a `snocTree` b `snocTree` c `snocTree` d
    appendTree4 (Single x) a b c d xs =
        x `consTree` a `consTree` b `consTree` c `consTree` d `consTree` xs
    appendTree4 xs a b c d (Single x) =
        xs `snocTree` a `snocTree` b `snocTree` c `snocTree` d `snocTree` x
    appendTree4 (Deep s1 pr1 m1 sf1) a b c d (Deep s2 pr2 m2 sf2) =
        Deep (s1 + size a + size b + size c + size d + s2) pr1 m sf2
      where !m = addDigits4 m1 sf1 a b c d pr2 m2

    addDigits4 :: FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> Digit (Node a) -> Node a -> Node a -> Node a -> Node a -> Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a))
    addDigits4 m1 (One a) !b !c !d !e (One f) m2 =
        appendTree2 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) m2
    addDigits4 m1 (One a) b c d e (Two f g) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
    addDigits4 m1 (One a) b c d e (Three f g h) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
    addDigits4 m1 (One a) b c d e (Four f g h i) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) m2
    addDigits4 m1 (Two a b) !c !d !e !f (One g) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node2 d e) (node2 f g) m2
    addDigits4 m1 (Two a b) c d e f (Two g h) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
    addDigits4 m1 (Two a b) c d e f (Three g h i) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) m2
    addDigits4 m1 (Two a b) c d e f (Four g h i j) m2 =
        appendTree4 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) (node2 i j) m2
    addDigits4 m1 (Three a b c) !d !e !f !g (One h) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) m2
    addDigits4 m1 (Three a b c) d e f g (Two h i) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) m2
    addDigits4 m1 (Three a b c) d e f g (Three h i j) m2 =
        appendTree4 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) (node2 i j) m2
    addDigits4 m1 (Three a b c) d e f g (Four h i j k) m2 =
        appendTree4 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) (node2 j k) m2
    addDigits4 m1 (Four a b c d) !e !f !g !h (One i) m2 =
        appendTree3 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) m2
    addDigits4 m1 (Four a b c d) !e !f !g !h (Two i j) m2 =
        appendTree4 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node2 g h) (node2 i j) m2
    addDigits4 m1 (Four a b c d) !e !f !g !h (Three i j k) m2 =
        appendTree4 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) (node2 j k) m2
    addDigits4 m1 (Four a b c d) !e !f !g !h (Four i j k l) m2 =
        appendTree4 m1 (node3 a b c) (node3 d e f) (node3 g h i) (node3 j k l) m2

    -- | Builds a sequence from a seed value.  Takes time linear in the
    -- number of generated elements.  /WARNING:/ If the number of generated
    -- elements is infinite, this method will not terminate.
    unfoldr :: (b -> Maybe (a, b)) -> b -> Seq a
    unfoldr f = unfoldr' empty
      -- uses tail recursion rather than, for instance, the List implementation.
      where unfoldr' !as b = maybe as (\ (a, b') -> unfoldr' (as `snoc'` a) b') (f b)

    -- | @'unfoldl' f x@ is equivalent to @'reverse' ('unfoldr' ('fmap' swap . f) x)@.
    unfoldl :: (b -> Maybe (b, a)) -> b -> Seq a
    unfoldl f = unfoldl' empty
      where unfoldl' !as b = maybe as (\ (b', a) -> unfoldl' (a `cons'` as) b') (f b)

    -- | /O(n)/.  Constructs a sequence by repeated application of a function
    -- to a seed value.
    --
    -- > iterateN n f x = fromList (Prelude.take n (Prelude.iterate f x))
    iterateN :: Int -> (a -> a) -> a -> Seq a
    iterateN n f x
      | n >= 0      = replicateA n (State (\ y -> (f y, y))) `execState` x
      | otherwise   = error "iterateN takes a nonnegative integer argument"

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Deconstruction
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    -- | /O(1)/. Is this the empty sequence?
    null            :: Seq a -> Bool
    null (Seq EmptyT) = True
    null _            =  False

    -- | /O(1)/. The number of elements in the sequence.
    length          :: Seq a -> Int
    length (Seq xs) =  size xs

    -- Views

    data ViewLTree a = ConsLTree a (FingerTree a) | EmptyLTree
    data ViewRTree a = SnocRTree (FingerTree a) a | EmptyRTree

    -- | View of the left end of a sequence.
    data ViewL a
        = EmptyL        -- ^ empty sequence
        | a :< Seq a    -- ^ leftmost element and the rest of the sequence
        deriving (Eq, Ord, Show, Read)

    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
    deriving instance Data a => Data (ViewL a)
    #endif
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 706
    deriving instance Generic1 ViewL
    #endif
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 702
    deriving instance Generic (ViewL a)
    #endif

    INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1(ViewL)

    instance Functor ViewL where
        {-# INLINE fmap #-}
        fmap _ EmptyL       = EmptyL
        fmap f (x :< xs)    = f x :< fmap f xs

    instance Foldable ViewL where
        foldr _ z EmptyL = z
        foldr f z (x :< xs) = f x (foldr f z xs)

        foldl _ z EmptyL = z
        foldl f z (x :< xs) = foldl f (f z x) xs

        foldl1 _ EmptyL = error "foldl1: empty view"
        foldl1 f (x :< xs) = foldl f x xs

    #if MIN_VERSION_base(4,8,0)
        null EmptyL = True
        null (_ :< _) = False

        length EmptyL = 0
        length (_ :< xs) = 1 + length xs
    #endif

    instance Traversable ViewL where
        traverse _ EmptyL       = pure EmptyL
        traverse f (x :< xs)    = liftA2 (:<) (f x) (traverse f xs)

    -- | /O(1)/. Analyse the left end of a sequence.
    viewl           ::  Seq a -> ViewL a
    viewl (Seq xs)  =  case viewLTree xs of
        EmptyLTree -> EmptyL
        ConsLTree (Elem x) xs' -> x :< Seq xs'

    {-# SPECIALIZE viewLTree :: FingerTree (Elem a) -> ViewLTree (Elem a) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE viewLTree :: FingerTree (Node a) -> ViewLTree (Node a) #-}
    viewLTree       :: Sized a => FingerTree a -> ViewLTree a
    viewLTree EmptyT                = EmptyLTree
    viewLTree (Single a)            = ConsLTree a EmptyT
    viewLTree (Deep s (One a) m sf) = ConsLTree a (pullL (s - size a) m sf)
    viewLTree (Deep s (Two a b) m sf) =
        ConsLTree a (Deep (s - size a) (One b) m sf)
    viewLTree (Deep s (Three a b c) m sf) =
        ConsLTree a (Deep (s - size a) (Two b c) m sf)
    viewLTree (Deep s (Four a b c d) m sf) =
        ConsLTree a (Deep (s - size a) (Three b c d) m sf)

    -- | View of the right end of a sequence.
    data ViewR a
        = EmptyR        -- ^ empty sequence
        | Seq a :> a    -- ^ the sequence minus the rightmost element,
                -- and the rightmost element
        deriving (Eq, Ord, Show, Read)

    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
    deriving instance Data a => Data (ViewR a)
    #endif
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 706
    deriving instance Generic1 ViewR
    #endif
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 702
    deriving instance Generic (ViewR a)
    #endif

    INSTANCE_TYPEABLE1(ViewR)

    instance Functor ViewR where
        {-# INLINE fmap #-}
        fmap _ EmptyR       = EmptyR
        fmap f (xs :> x)    = fmap f xs :> f x

    instance Foldable ViewR where
        foldMap _ EmptyR = mempty
        foldMap f (xs :> x) = foldMap f xs <> f x

        foldr _ z EmptyR = z
        foldr f z (xs :> x) = foldr f (f x z) xs

        foldl _ z EmptyR = z
        foldl f z (xs :> x) = foldl f z xs `f` x

        foldr1 _ EmptyR = error "foldr1: empty view"
        foldr1 f (xs :> x) = foldr f x xs
    #if MIN_VERSION_base(4,8,0)
        null EmptyR = True
        null (_ :> _) = False

        length EmptyR = 0
        length (xs :> _) = length xs + 1
    #endif

    instance Traversable ViewR where
        traverse _ EmptyR       = pure EmptyR
        traverse f (xs :> x)    = liftA2 (:>) (traverse f xs) (f x)

    -- | /O(1)/. Analyse the right end of a sequence.
    viewr           ::  Seq a -> ViewR a
    viewr (Seq xs)  =  case viewRTree xs of
        EmptyRTree -> EmptyR
        SnocRTree xs' (Elem x) -> Seq xs' :> x

    {-# SPECIALIZE viewRTree :: FingerTree (Elem a) -> ViewRTree (Elem a) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE viewRTree :: FingerTree (Node a) -> ViewRTree (Node a) #-}
    viewRTree       :: Sized a => FingerTree a -> ViewRTree a
    viewRTree EmptyT                = EmptyRTree
    viewRTree (Single z)            = SnocRTree EmptyT z
    viewRTree (Deep s pr m (One z)) = SnocRTree (pullR (s - size z) pr m) z
    viewRTree (Deep s pr m (Two y z)) =
        SnocRTree (Deep (s - size z) pr m (One y)) z
    viewRTree (Deep s pr m (Three x y z)) =
        SnocRTree (Deep (s - size z) pr m (Two x y)) z
    viewRTree (Deep s pr m (Four w x y z)) =
        SnocRTree (Deep (s - size z) pr m (Three w x y)) z

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Scans
    --
    -- These are not particularly complex applications of the Traversable
    -- functor, though making the correspondence with Data.List exact
    -- requires the use of (<|) and (|>).
    --
    -- Note that save for the single (<|) or (|>), we maintain the original
    -- structure of the Seq, not having to do any restructuring of our own.
    --
    -- wasserman.louis@gmail.com, 5/23/09
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    -- | 'scanl' is similar to 'foldl', but returns a sequence of reduced
    -- values from the left:
    --
    -- > scanl f z (fromList [x1, x2, ...]) = fromList [z, z `f` x1, (z `f` x1) `f` x2, ...]
    scanl :: (a -> b -> a) -> a -> Seq b -> Seq a
    scanl f z0 xs = z0 <| snd (mapAccumL (\ x z -> let x' = f x z in (x', x')) z0 xs)

    -- | 'scanl1' is a variant of 'scanl' that has no starting value argument:
    --
    -- > scanl1 f (fromList [x1, x2, ...]) = fromList [x1, x1 `f` x2, ...]
    scanl1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Seq a -> Seq a
    scanl1 f xs = case viewl xs of
        EmptyL          -> error "scanl1 takes a nonempty sequence as an argument"
        x :< xs'        -> scanl f x xs'

    -- | 'scanr' is the right-to-left dual of 'scanl'.
    scanr :: (a -> b -> b) -> b -> Seq a -> Seq b
    scanr f z0 xs = snd (mapAccumR (\ z x -> let z' = f x z in (z', z')) z0 xs) |> z0

    -- | 'scanr1' is a variant of 'scanr' that has no starting value argument.
    scanr1 :: (a -> a -> a) -> Seq a -> Seq a
    scanr1 f xs = case viewr xs of
        EmptyR          -> error "scanr1 takes a nonempty sequence as an argument"
        xs' :> x        -> scanr f x xs'

    -- Indexing

    -- | /O(log(min(i,n-i)))/. The element at the specified position,
    -- counting from 0.  The argument should thus be a non-negative
    -- integer less than the size of the sequence.
    -- If the position is out of range, 'index' fails with an error.
    --
    -- prop> xs `index` i = toList xs !! i
    --
    -- Caution: 'index' necessarily delays retrieving the requested
    -- element until the result is forced. It can therefore lead to a space
    -- leak if the result is stored, unforced, in another structure. To retrieve
    -- an element immediately without forcing it, use 'lookup' or '(!?)'.
    index           :: Seq a -> Int -> a
    index (Seq xs) i
      -- See note on unsigned arithmetic in splitAt
      | fromIntegral i < (fromIntegral (size xs) :: Word) = case lookupTree i xs of
                    Place _ (Elem x) -> x
      | otherwise   = error "index out of bounds"

    -- | /O(log(min(i,n-i)))/. The element at the specified position,
    -- counting from 0. If the specified position is negative or at
    -- least the length of the sequence, 'lookup' returns 'Nothing'.
    --
    -- prop> 0 <= i < length xs ==> lookup i xs == Just (toList xs !! i)
    -- prop> i < 0 || i >= length xs ==> lookup i xs = Nothing
    --
    -- Unlike 'index', this can be used to retrieve an element without
    -- forcing it. For example, to insert the fifth element of a sequence
    -- @xs@ into a 'Data.Map.Lazy.Map' @m@ at key @k@, you could use
    --
    -- @
    -- case lookup 5 xs of
    --   Nothing -> m
    --   Just x -> 'Data.Map.Lazy.insert' k x m
    -- @
    --
    -- @since 0.5.8
    lookup            :: Int -> Seq a -> Maybe a
    lookup i (Seq xs)
      -- Note: we perform the lookup *before* applying the Just constructor
      -- to ensure that we don't hold a reference to the whole sequence in
      -- a thunk. If we applied the Just constructor around the case, the
      -- actual lookup wouldn't be performed unless and until the value was
      -- forced.
      | fromIntegral i < (fromIntegral (size xs) :: Word) = case lookupTree i xs of
                    Place _ (Elem x) -> Just x
      | otherwise = Nothing

    -- | /O(log(min(i,n-i)))/. A flipped, infix version of `lookup`.
    --
    -- @since 0.5.8
    (!?) ::           Seq a -> Int -> Maybe a
    (!?) = flip lookup

    data Place a = Place {-# UNPACK #-} !Int a
    #ifdef TESTING
        deriving Show
    #endif

    {-# SPECIALIZE lookupTree :: Int -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> Place (Elem a) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE lookupTree :: Int -> FingerTree (Node a) -> Place (Node a) #-}
    lookupTree :: Sized a => Int -> FingerTree a -> Place a
    lookupTree !_ EmptyT = error "lookupTree of empty tree"
    lookupTree i (Single x) = Place i x
    lookupTree i (Deep _ pr m sf)
      | i < spr     =  lookupDigit i pr
      | i < spm     =  case lookupTree (i - spr) m of
                       Place i' xs -> lookupNode i' xs
      | otherwise   =  lookupDigit (i - spm) sf
      where
        spr     = size pr
        spm     = spr + size m

    {-# SPECIALIZE lookupNode :: Int -> Node (Elem a) -> Place (Elem a) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE lookupNode :: Int -> Node (Node a) -> Place (Node a) #-}
    lookupNode :: Sized a => Int -> Node a -> Place a
    lookupNode i (Node2 _ a b)
      | i < sa      = Place i a
      | otherwise   = Place (i - sa) b
      where
        sa      = size a
    lookupNode i (Node3 _ a b c)
      | i < sa      = Place i a
      | i < sab     = Place (i - sa) b
      | otherwise   = Place (i - sab) c
      where
        sa      = size a
        sab     = sa + size b

    {-# SPECIALIZE lookupDigit :: Int -> Digit (Elem a) -> Place (Elem a) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE lookupDigit :: Int -> Digit (Node a) -> Place (Node a) #-}
    lookupDigit :: Sized a => Int -> Digit a -> Place a
    lookupDigit i (One a) = Place i a
    lookupDigit i (Two a b)
      | i < sa      = Place i a
      | otherwise   = Place (i - sa) b
      where
        sa      = size a
    lookupDigit i (Three a b c)
      | i < sa      = Place i a
      | i < sab     = Place (i - sa) b
      | otherwise   = Place (i - sab) c
      where
        sa      = size a
        sab     = sa + size b
    lookupDigit i (Four a b c d)
      | i < sa      = Place i a
      | i < sab     = Place (i - sa) b
      | i < sabc    = Place (i - sab) c
      | otherwise   = Place (i - sabc) d
      where
        sa      = size a
        sab     = sa + size b
        sabc    = sab + size c

    -- | /O(log(min(i,n-i)))/. Replace the element at the specified position.
    -- If the position is out of range, the original sequence is returned.
    update          :: Int -> a -> Seq a -> Seq a
    update i x (Seq xs)
      -- See note on unsigned arithmetic in splitAt
      | fromIntegral i < (fromIntegral (size xs) :: Word) = Seq (updateTree (Elem x) i xs)
      | otherwise   = Seq xs

    -- It seems a shame to copy the implementation of the top layer of
    -- `adjust` instead of just using `update i x = adjust (const x) i`.
    -- With the latter implementation, updating the same position many
    -- times could lead to silly thunks building up around that position.
    -- The thunks will each look like @const v a@, where @v@ is the new
    -- value and @a@ the old.
    updateTree      :: Elem a -> Int -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a)
    updateTree _ !_ EmptyT = EmptyT -- Unreachable
    updateTree v _i (Single _) = Single v
    updateTree v i (Deep s pr m sf)
      | i < spr     = Deep s (updateDigit v i pr) m sf
      | i < spm     = let !m' = adjustTree (updateNode v) (i - spr) m
                      in Deep s pr m' sf
      | otherwise   = Deep s pr m (updateDigit v (i - spm) sf)
      where
        spr     = size pr
        spm     = spr + size m

    updateNode      :: Elem a -> Int -> Node (Elem a) -> Node (Elem a)
    updateNode v i (Node2 s a b)
      | i < sa      = Node2 s v b
      | otherwise   = Node2 s a v
      where
        sa      = size a
    updateNode v i (Node3 s a b c)
      | i < sa      = Node3 s v b c
      | i < sab     = Node3 s a v c
      | otherwise   = Node3 s a b v
      where
        sa      = size a
        sab     = sa + size b

    updateDigit     :: Elem a -> Int -> Digit (Elem a) -> Digit (Elem a)
    updateDigit v !_i (One _) = One v
    updateDigit v i (Two a b)
      | i < sa      = Two v b
      | otherwise   = Two a v
      where
        sa      = size a
    updateDigit v i (Three a b c)
      | i < sa      = Three v b c
      | i < sab     = Three a v c
      | otherwise   = Three a b v
      where
        sa      = size a
        sab     = sa + size b
    updateDigit v i (Four a b c d)
      | i < sa      = Four v b c d
      | i < sab     = Four a v c d
      | i < sabc    = Four a b v d
      | otherwise   = Four a b c v
      where
        sa      = size a
        sab     = sa + size b
        sabc    = sab + size c

    -- | /O(log(min(i,n-i)))/. Update the element at the specified position.  If
    -- the position is out of range, the original sequence is returned.  'adjust'
    -- can lead to poor performance and even memory leaks, because it does not
    -- force the new value before installing it in the sequence. 'adjust'' should
    -- usually be preferred.
    adjust          :: (a -> a) -> Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
    adjust f i (Seq xs)
      -- See note on unsigned arithmetic in splitAt
      | fromIntegral i < (fromIntegral (size xs) :: Word) = Seq (adjustTree (`seq` fmap f) i xs)
      | otherwise   = Seq xs

    -- | /O(log(min(i,n-i)))/. Update the element at the specified position.
    -- If the position is out of range, the original sequence is returned.
    -- The new value is forced before it is installed in the sequence.
    --
    -- @
    -- adjust' f i xs =
    --  case xs !? i of
    --    Nothing -> xs
    --    Just x -> let !x' = f x
    --              in update i x' xs
    -- @
    --
    -- @since 0.5.8
    adjust'          :: forall a . (a -> a) -> Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 708
    adjust' f i xs
      -- See note on unsigned arithmetic in splitAt
      | fromIntegral i < (fromIntegral (length xs) :: Word) =
          coerce $ adjustTree (\ !_k (ForceBox a) -> ForceBox (f a)) i (coerce xs)
      | otherwise   = xs
    #else
    -- This is inefficient, but fixing it would take a lot of fuss and bother
    -- for little immediate gain. We can deal with that when we have another
    -- Haskell implementation to worry about.
    adjust' f i xs =
      case xs !? i of
        Nothing -> xs
        Just x -> let !x' = f x
                  in update i x' xs
    #endif

    {-# SPECIALIZE adjustTree :: (Int -> ForceBox a -> ForceBox a) -> Int -> FingerTree (ForceBox a) -> FingerTree (ForceBox a) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE adjustTree :: (Int -> Elem a -> Elem a) -> Int -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE adjustTree :: (Int -> Node a -> Node a) -> Int -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node a) #-}
    adjustTree      :: (Sized a, MaybeForce a) => (Int -> a -> a) ->
                 Int -> FingerTree a -> FingerTree a
    adjustTree _ !_ EmptyT = EmptyT -- Unreachable
    adjustTree f i (Single x) = Single $!? f i x
    adjustTree f i (Deep s pr m sf)
      | i < spr     = Deep s (adjustDigit f i pr) m sf
      | i < spm     = let !m' = adjustTree (adjustNode f) (i - spr) m
                      in Deep s pr m' sf
      | otherwise   = Deep s pr m (adjustDigit f (i - spm) sf)
      where
        spr     = size pr
        spm     = spr + size m

    {-# SPECIALIZE adjustNode :: (Int -> Elem a -> Elem a) -> Int -> Node (Elem a) -> Node (Elem a) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE adjustNode :: (Int -> Node a -> Node a) -> Int -> Node (Node a) -> Node (Node a) #-}
    adjustNode      :: (Sized a, MaybeForce a) => (Int -> a -> a) -> Int -> Node a -> Node a
    adjustNode f i (Node2 s a b)
      | i < sa      = let fia = f i a in fia `mseq` Node2 s fia b
      | otherwise   = let fisab = f (i - sa) b in fisab `mseq` Node2 s a fisab
      where
        sa      = size a
    adjustNode f i (Node3 s a b c)
      | i < sa      = let fia = f i a in fia `mseq` Node3 s fia b c
      | i < sab     = let fisab = f (i - sa) b in fisab `mseq` Node3 s a fisab c
      | otherwise   = let fisabc = f (i - sab) c in fisabc `mseq` Node3 s a b fisabc
      where
        sa      = size a
        sab     = sa + size b

    {-# SPECIALIZE adjustDigit :: (Int -> Elem a -> Elem a) -> Int -> Digit (Elem a) -> Digit (Elem a) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE adjustDigit :: (Int -> Node a -> Node a) -> Int -> Digit (Node a) -> Digit (Node a) #-}
    adjustDigit     :: (Sized a, MaybeForce a) => (Int -> a -> a) -> Int -> Digit a -> Digit a
    adjustDigit f !i (One a) = One $!? f i a
    adjustDigit f i (Two a b)
      | i < sa      = let fia = f i a in fia `mseq` Two fia b
      | otherwise   = let fisab = f (i - sa) b in fisab `mseq` Two a fisab
      where
        sa      = size a
    adjustDigit f i (Three a b c)
      | i < sa      = let fia = f i a in fia `mseq` Three fia b c
      | i < sab     = let fisab = f (i - sa) b in fisab `mseq` Three a fisab c
      | otherwise   = let fisabc = f (i - sab) c in fisabc `mseq` Three a b fisabc
      where
        sa      = size a
        sab     = sa + size b
    adjustDigit f i (Four a b c d)
      | i < sa      = let fia = f i a in fia `mseq` Four fia b c d
      | i < sab     = let fisab = f (i - sa) b in fisab `mseq` Four a fisab c d
      | i < sabc    = let fisabc = f (i - sab) c in fisabc `mseq` Four a b fisabc d
      | otherwise   = let fisabcd = f (i - sabc) d in fisabcd `mseq` Four a b c fisabcd
      where
        sa      = size a
        sab     = sa + size b
        sabc    = sab + size c

    -- | /O(log(min(i,n-i)))/. @'insertAt' i x xs@ inserts @x@ into @xs@
    -- at the index @i@, shifting the rest of the sequence over.
    --
    -- @
    -- insertAt 2 x (fromList [a,b,c,d]) = fromList [a,b,x,c,d]
    -- insertAt 4 x (fromList [a,b,c,d]) = insertAt 10 x (fromList [a,b,c,d])
    --                                   = fromList [a,b,c,d,x]
    -- @
    --
    -- prop> insertAt i x xs = take i xs >< singleton x >< drop i xs
    --
    -- @since 0.5.8
    insertAt :: Int -> a -> Seq a -> Seq a
    insertAt i a s@(Seq xs)
      | fromIntegral i < (fromIntegral (size xs) :: Word)
          = Seq (insTree (`seq` InsTwo (Elem a)) i xs)
      | i <= 0 = a <| s
      | otherwise = s |> a

    data Ins a = InsOne a | InsTwo a a

    {-# SPECIALIZE insTree :: (Int -> Elem a -> Ins (Elem a)) -> Int -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE insTree :: (Int -> Node a -> Ins (Node a)) -> Int -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node a) #-}
    insTree      :: Sized a => (Int -> a -> Ins a) ->
                 Int -> FingerTree a -> FingerTree a
    insTree _ !_ EmptyT = EmptyT -- Unreachable
    insTree f i (Single x) = case f i x of
      InsOne x' -> Single x'
      InsTwo m n -> deep (One m) EmptyT (One n)
    insTree f i (Deep s pr m sf)
      | i < spr     = case insLeftDigit f i pr of
         InsLeftDig pr' -> Deep (s + 1) pr' m sf
         InsDigNode pr' n -> m `seq` Deep (s + 1) pr' (n `consTree` m) sf
      | i < spm     = let !m' = insTree (insNode f) (i - spr) m
                      in Deep (s + 1) pr m' sf
      | otherwise   = case insRightDigit f (i - spm) sf of
         InsRightDig sf' -> Deep (s + 1) pr m sf'
         InsNodeDig n sf' -> m `seq` Deep (s + 1) pr (m `snocTree` n) sf'
      where
        spr     = size pr
        spm     = spr + size m

    {-# SPECIALIZE insNode :: (Int -> Elem a -> Ins (Elem a)) -> Int -> Node (Elem a) -> Ins (Node (Elem a)) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE insNode :: (Int -> Node a -> Ins (Node a)) -> Int -> Node (Node a) -> Ins (Node (Node a)) #-}
    insNode :: Sized a => (Int -> a -> Ins a) -> Int -> Node a -> Ins (Node a)
    insNode f i (Node2 s a b)
      | i < sa = case f i a of
          InsOne n -> InsOne $ Node2 (s + 1) n b
          InsTwo m n -> InsOne $ Node3 (s + 1) m n b
      | otherwise = case f (i - sa) b of
          InsOne n -> InsOne $ Node2 (s + 1) a n
          InsTwo m n -> InsOne $ Node3 (s + 1) a m n
      where sa = size a
    insNode f i (Node3 s a b c)
      | i < sa = case f i a of
          InsOne n -> InsOne $ Node3 (s + 1) n b c
          InsTwo m n -> InsTwo (Node2 (sa + 1) m n) (Node2 (s - sa) b c)
      | i < sab = case f (i - sa) b of
          InsOne n -> InsOne $ Node3 (s + 1) a n c
          InsTwo m n -> InsTwo am nc
            where !am = node2 a m
                  !nc = node2 n c
      | otherwise = case f (i - sab) c of
          InsOne n -> InsOne $ Node3 (s + 1) a b n
          InsTwo m n -> InsTwo (Node2 sab a b) (Node2 (s - sab + 1) m n)
      where sa = size a
            sab = sa + size b

    data InsDigNode a = InsLeftDig !(Digit a) | InsDigNode !(Digit a) !(Node a)
    {-# SPECIALIZE insLeftDigit :: (Int -> Elem a -> Ins (Elem a)) -> Int -> Digit (Elem a) -> InsDigNode (Elem a) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE insLeftDigit :: (Int -> Node a -> Ins (Node a)) -> Int -> Digit (Node a) -> InsDigNode (Node a) #-}
    insLeftDigit :: Sized a => (Int -> a -> Ins a) -> Int -> Digit a -> InsDigNode a
    insLeftDigit f !i (One a) = case f i a of
      InsOne a' -> InsLeftDig $ One a'
      InsTwo a1 a2 -> InsLeftDig $ Two a1 a2
    insLeftDigit f i (Two a b)
      | i < sa = case f i a of
         InsOne a' -> InsLeftDig $ Two a' b
         InsTwo a1 a2 -> InsLeftDig $ Three a1 a2 b
      | otherwise = case f (i - sa) b of
         InsOne b' -> InsLeftDig $ Two a b'
         InsTwo b1 b2 -> InsLeftDig $ Three a b1 b2
      where sa = size a
    insLeftDigit f i (Three a b c)
      | i < sa = case f i a of
         InsOne a' -> InsLeftDig $ Three a' b c
         InsTwo a1 a2 -> InsLeftDig $ Four a1 a2 b c
      | i < sab = case f (i - sa) b of
         InsOne b' -> InsLeftDig $ Three a b' c
         InsTwo b1 b2 -> InsLeftDig $ Four a b1 b2 c
      | otherwise = case f (i - sab) c of
         InsOne c' -> InsLeftDig $ Three a b c'
         InsTwo c1 c2 -> InsLeftDig $ Four a b c1 c2
      where sa = size a
            sab = sa + size b
    insLeftDigit f i (Four a b c d)
      | i < sa = case f i a of
         InsOne a' -> InsLeftDig $ Four a' b c d
         InsTwo a1 a2 -> InsDigNode (Two a1 a2) (node3 b c d)
      | i < sab = case f (i - sa) b of
         InsOne b' -> InsLeftDig $ Four a b' c d
         InsTwo b1 b2 -> InsDigNode (Two a b1) (node3 b2 c d)
      | i < sabc = case f (i - sab) c of
         InsOne c' -> InsLeftDig $ Four a b c' d
         InsTwo c1 c2 -> InsDigNode (Two a b) (node3 c1 c2 d)
      | otherwise = case f (i - sabc) d of
         InsOne d' -> InsLeftDig $ Four a b c d'
         InsTwo d1 d2 -> InsDigNode (Two a b) (node3 c d1 d2)
      where sa = size a
            sab = sa + size b
            sabc = sab + size c

    data InsNodeDig a = InsRightDig !(Digit a) | InsNodeDig !(Node a) !(Digit a)
    {-# SPECIALIZE insRightDigit :: (Int -> Elem a -> Ins (Elem a)) -> Int -> Digit (Elem a) -> InsNodeDig (Elem a) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE insRightDigit :: (Int -> Node a -> Ins (Node a)) -> Int -> Digit (Node a) -> InsNodeDig (Node a) #-}
    insRightDigit :: Sized a => (Int -> a -> Ins a) -> Int -> Digit a -> InsNodeDig a
    insRightDigit f !i (One a) = case f i a of
      InsOne a' -> InsRightDig $ One a'
      InsTwo a1 a2 -> InsRightDig $ Two a1 a2
    insRightDigit f i (Two a b)
      | i < sa = case f i a of
         InsOne a' -> InsRightDig $ Two a' b
         InsTwo a1 a2 -> InsRightDig $ Three a1 a2 b
      | otherwise = case f (i - sa) b of
         InsOne b' -> InsRightDig $ Two a b'
         InsTwo b1 b2 -> InsRightDig $ Three a b1 b2
      where sa = size a
    insRightDigit f i (Three a b c)
      | i < sa = case f i a of
         InsOne a' -> InsRightDig $ Three a' b c
         InsTwo a1 a2 -> InsRightDig $ Four a1 a2 b c
      | i < sab = case f (i - sa) b of
         InsOne b' -> InsRightDig $ Three a b' c
         InsTwo b1 b2 -> InsRightDig $ Four a b1 b2 c
      | otherwise = case f (i - sab) c of
         InsOne c' -> InsRightDig $ Three a b c'
         InsTwo c1 c2 -> InsRightDig $ Four a b c1 c2
      where sa = size a
            sab = sa + size b
    insRightDigit f i (Four a b c d)
      | i < sa = case f i a of
         InsOne a' -> InsRightDig $ Four a' b c d
         InsTwo a1 a2 -> InsNodeDig (node3 a1 a2 b) (Two c d)
      | i < sab = case f (i - sa) b of
         InsOne b' -> InsRightDig $ Four a b' c d
         InsTwo b1 b2 -> InsNodeDig (node3 a b1 b2) (Two c d)
      | i < sabc = case f (i - sab) c of
         InsOne c' -> InsRightDig $ Four a b c' d
         InsTwo c1 c2 -> InsNodeDig (node3 a b c1) (Two c2 d)
      | otherwise = case f (i - sabc) d of
         InsOne d' -> InsRightDig $ Four a b c d'
         InsTwo d1 d2 -> InsNodeDig (node3 a b c) (Two d1 d2)
      where sa = size a
            sab = sa + size b
            sabc = sab + size c

    -- | /O(log(min(i,n-i)))/. Delete the element of a sequence at a given
    -- index. Return the original sequence if the index is out of range.
    --
    -- @
    -- deleteAt 2 [a,b,c,d] = [a,b,d]
    -- deleteAt 4 [a,b,c,d] = deleteAt (-1) [a,b,c,d] = [a,b,c,d]
    -- @
    --
    -- @since 0.5.8
    deleteAt :: Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
    deleteAt i (Seq xs)
      | fromIntegral i < (fromIntegral (size xs) :: Word) = Seq $ delTreeE i xs
      | otherwise = Seq xs

    delTreeE :: Int -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a)
    delTreeE !_i EmptyT = EmptyT -- Unreachable
    delTreeE _i Single{} = EmptyT
    delTreeE i (Deep s pr m sf)
      | i < spr = delLeftDigitE i s pr m sf
      | i < spm = case delTree delNodeE (i - spr) m of
         FullTree m' -> Deep (s - 1) pr m' sf
         DefectTree e -> delRebuildMiddle (s - 1) pr e sf
      | otherwise = delRightDigitE (i - spm) s pr m sf
      where spr = size pr
            spm = spr + size m

    delNodeE :: Int -> Node (Elem a) -> Del (Elem a)
    delNodeE i (Node3 _ a b c) = case i of
      0 -> Full $ Node2 2 b c
      1 -> Full $ Node2 2 a c
      _ -> Full $ Node2 2 a b
    delNodeE i (Node2 _ a b) = case i of
      0 -> Defect b
      _ -> Defect a

    delLeftDigitE :: Int -> Int -> Digit (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Node (Elem a)) -> Digit (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a)
    delLeftDigitE !_i s One{} m sf = pullL (s - 1) m sf
    delLeftDigitE i s (Two a b) m sf
      | i == 0 = Deep (s - 1) (One b) m sf
      | otherwise = Deep (s - 1) (One a) m sf
    delLeftDigitE i s (Three a b c) m sf
      | i == 0 = Deep (s - 1) (Two b c) m sf
      | i == 1 = Deep (s - 1) (Two a c) m sf
      | otherwise = Deep (s - 1) (Two a b) m sf
    delLeftDigitE i s (Four a b c d) m sf
      | i == 0 = Deep (s - 1) (Three b c d) m sf
      | i == 1 = Deep (s - 1) (Three a c d) m sf
      | i == 2 = Deep (s - 1) (Three a b d) m sf
      | otherwise = Deep (s - 1) (Three a b c) m sf

    delRightDigitE :: Int -> Int -> Digit (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Node (Elem a)) -> Digit (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a)
    delRightDigitE !_i s pr m One{} = pullR (s - 1) pr m
    delRightDigitE i s pr m (Two a b)
      | i == 0 = Deep (s - 1) pr m (One b)
      | otherwise = Deep (s - 1) pr m (One a)
    delRightDigitE i s pr m (Three a b c)
      | i == 0 = Deep (s - 1) pr m (Two b c)
      | i == 1 = Deep (s - 1) pr m (Two a c)
      | otherwise = deep pr m (Two a b)
    delRightDigitE i s pr m (Four a b c d)
      | i == 0 = Deep (s - 1) pr m (Three b c d)
      | i == 1 = Deep (s - 1) pr m (Three a c d)
      | i == 2 = Deep (s - 1) pr m (Three a b d)
      | otherwise = Deep (s - 1) pr m (Three a b c)

    data DelTree a = FullTree !(FingerTree (Node a)) | DefectTree a

    {-# SPECIALIZE delTree :: (Int -> Node (Elem a) -> Del (Elem a)) -> Int -> FingerTree (Node (Elem a)) -> DelTree (Elem a) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE delTree :: (Int -> Node (Node a) -> Del (Node a)) -> Int -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> DelTree (Node a) #-}
    delTree :: Sized a => (Int -> Node a -> Del a) -> Int -> FingerTree (Node a) -> DelTree a
    delTree _f !_i EmptyT = FullTree EmptyT -- Unreachable
    delTree f i (Single a) = case f i a of
      Full a' -> FullTree (Single a')
      Defect e -> DefectTree e
    delTree f i (Deep s pr m sf)
      | i < spr = case delDigit f i pr of
         FullDig pr' -> FullTree $ Deep (s - 1) pr' m sf
         DefectDig e -> case viewLTree m of
                          EmptyLTree -> FullTree $ delRebuildRightDigit (s - 1) e sf
                          ConsLTree n m' -> FullTree $ delRebuildLeftSide (s - 1) e n m' sf
      | i < spm = case delTree (delNode f) (i - spr) m of
         FullTree m' -> FullTree (Deep (s - 1) pr m' sf)
         DefectTree e -> FullTree $ delRebuildMiddle (s - 1) pr e sf
      | otherwise = case delDigit f (i - spm) sf of
         FullDig sf' -> FullTree $ Deep (s - 1) pr m sf'
         DefectDig e -> case viewRTree m of
                          EmptyRTree -> FullTree $ delRebuildLeftDigit (s - 1) pr e
                          SnocRTree m' n -> FullTree $ delRebuildRightSide (s - 1) pr m' n e
      where spr = size pr
            spm = spr + size m

    data Del a = Full !(Node a) | Defect a

    {-# SPECIALIZE delNode :: (Int -> Node (Elem a) -> Del (Elem a)) -> Int -> Node (Node (Elem a)) -> Del (Node (Elem a)) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE delNode :: (Int -> Node (Node a) -> Del (Node a)) -> Int -> Node (Node (Node a)) -> Del (Node (Node a)) #-}
    delNode :: Sized a => (Int -> Node a -> Del a) -> Int -> Node (Node a) -> Del (Node a)
    delNode f i (Node3 s a b c)
      | i < sa = case f i a of
         Full a' -> Full $ Node3 (s - 1) a' b c
         Defect e -> let !se = size e in case b of
           Node3 sxyz x y z -> Full $ Node3 (s - 1) (Node2 (se + sx) e x) (Node2 (sxyz - sx) y z) c
             where !sx = size x
           Node2 sxy x y -> Full $ Node2 (s - 1) (Node3 (sxy + se) e x y) c
      | i < sab = case f (i - sa) b of
         Full b' -> Full $ Node3 (s - 1) a b' c
         Defect e -> let !se = size e in case a of
           Node3 sxyz x y z -> Full $ Node3 (s - 1) (Node2 (sxyz - sz) x y) (Node2 (sz + se) z e) c
             where !sz = size z
           Node2 sxy x y -> Full $ Node2 (s - 1) (Node3 (sxy + se) x y e) c
      | otherwise = case f (i - sab) c of
         Full c' -> Full $ Node3 (s - 1) a b c'
         Defect e -> let !se = size e in case b of
           Node3 sxyz x y z -> Full $ Node3 (s - 1) a (Node2 (sxyz - sz) x y) (Node2 (sz + se) z e)
             where !sz = size z
           Node2 sxy x y -> Full $ Node2 (s - 1) a (Node3 (sxy + se) x y e)
      where sa = size a
            sab = sa + size b
    delNode f i (Node2 s a b)
      | i < sa = case f i a of
         Full a' -> Full $ Node2 (s - 1) a' b
         Defect e -> let !se = size e in case b of
           Node3 sxyz x y z -> Full $ Node2 (s - 1) (Node2 (se + sx) e x) (Node2 (sxyz - sx) y z)
            where !sx = size x
           Node2 _ x y -> Defect $ Node3 (s - 1) e x y
      | otherwise = case f (i - sa) b of
         Full b' -> Full $ Node2 (s - 1) a b'
         Defect e -> let !se = size e in case a of
           Node3 sxyz x y z -> Full $ Node2 (s - 1) (Node2 (sxyz - sz) x y) (Node2 (sz + se) z e)
             where !sz = size z
           Node2 _ x y -> Defect $ Node3 (s - 1) x y e
      where sa = size a

    {-# SPECIALIZE delRebuildRightDigit :: Int -> Elem a -> Digit (Node (Elem a)) -> FingerTree (Node (Elem a)) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE delRebuildRightDigit :: Int -> Node a -> Digit (Node (Node a)) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) #-}
    delRebuildRightDigit :: Sized a => Int -> a -> Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node a)
    delRebuildRightDigit s p (One a) = let !sp = size p in case a of
      Node3 sxyz x y z -> Deep s (One (Node2 (sp + sx) p x)) EmptyT (One (Node2 (sxyz - sx) y z))
        where !sx = size x
      Node2 sxy x y -> Single (Node3 (sp + sxy) p x y)
    delRebuildRightDigit s p (Two a b) = let !sp = size p in case a of
      Node3 sxyz x y z -> Deep s (Two (Node2 (sp + sx) p x) (Node2 (sxyz - sx) y z)) EmptyT (One b)
        where !sx = size x
      Node2 sxy x y -> Deep s (One (Node3 (sp + sxy) p x y)) EmptyT (One b)
    delRebuildRightDigit s p (Three a b c) = let !sp = size p in case a of
      Node3 sxyz x y z -> Deep s (Two (Node2 (sp + sx) p x) (Node2 (sxyz - sx) y z)) EmptyT (Two b c)
        where !sx = size x
      Node2 sxy x y -> Deep s (Two (Node3 (sp + sxy) p x y) b) EmptyT (One c)
    delRebuildRightDigit s p (Four a b c d) = let !sp = size p in case a of
      Node3 sxyz x y z -> Deep s (Three (Node2 (sp + sx) p x) (Node2 (sxyz - sx) y z) b) EmptyT (Two c d)
        where !sx = size x
      Node2 sxy x y -> Deep s (Two (Node3 (sp + sxy) p x y) b) EmptyT (Two c d)

    {-# SPECIALIZE delRebuildLeftDigit :: Int -> Digit (Node (Elem a)) -> Elem a -> FingerTree (Node (Elem a)) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE delRebuildLeftDigit :: Int -> Digit (Node (Node a)) -> Node a -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) #-}
    delRebuildLeftDigit :: Sized a => Int -> Digit (Node a) -> a -> FingerTree (Node a)
    delRebuildLeftDigit s (One a) p = let !sp = size p in case a of
      Node3 sxyz x y z -> Deep s (One (Node2 (sxyz - sz) x y)) EmptyT (One (Node2 (sz + sp) z p))
        where !sz = size z
      Node2 sxy x y -> Single (Node3 (sxy + sp) x y p)
    delRebuildLeftDigit s (Two a b) p = let !sp = size p in case b of
      Node3 sxyz x y z -> Deep s (Two a (Node2 (sxyz - sz) x y)) EmptyT (One (Node2 (sz + sp) z p))
        where !sz = size z
      Node2 sxy x y -> Deep s (One a) EmptyT (One (Node3 (sxy + sp) x y p))
    delRebuildLeftDigit s (Three a b c) p = let !sp = size p in case c of
      Node3 sxyz x y z -> Deep s (Two a b) EmptyT (Two (Node2 (sxyz - sz) x y) (Node2 (sz + sp) z p))
        where !sz = size z
      Node2 sxy x y -> Deep s (Two a b) EmptyT (One (Node3 (sxy + sp) x y p))
    delRebuildLeftDigit s (Four a b c d) p = let !sp = size p in case d of
      Node3 sxyz x y z -> Deep s (Three a b c) EmptyT (Two (Node2 (sxyz - sz) x y) (Node2 (sz + sp) z p))
        where !sz = size z
      Node2 sxy x y -> Deep s (Two a b) EmptyT (Two c (Node3 (sxy + sp) x y p))

    delRebuildLeftSide :: Sized a
                       => Int -> a -> Node (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> Digit (Node a)
                       -> FingerTree (Node a)
    delRebuildLeftSide s p (Node2 _ a b) m sf = let !sp = size p in case a of
      Node2 sxy x y -> Deep s (Two (Node3 (sp + sxy) p x y) b) m sf
      Node3 sxyz x y z -> Deep s (Three (Node2 (sp + sx) p x) (Node2 (sxyz - sx) y z) b) m sf
        where !sx = size x
    delRebuildLeftSide s p (Node3 _ a b c) m sf = let !sp = size p in case a of
      Node2 sxy x y -> Deep s (Three (Node3 (sp + sxy) p x y) b c) m sf
      Node3 sxyz x y z -> Deep s (Four (Node2 (sp + sx) p x) (Node2 (sxyz - sx) y z) b c) m sf
        where !sx = size x

    delRebuildRightSide :: Sized a
                        => Int -> Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> Node (Node a) -> a
                        -> FingerTree (Node a)
    delRebuildRightSide s pr m (Node2 _ a b) p = let !sp = size p in case b of
      Node2 sxy x y -> Deep s pr m (Two a (Node3 (sxy + sp) x y p))
      Node3 sxyz x y z -> Deep s pr m (Three a (Node2 (sxyz - sz) x y) (Node2 (sz + sp) z p))
        where !sz = size z
    delRebuildRightSide s pr m (Node3 _ a b c) p = let !sp = size p in case c of
      Node2 sxy x y -> Deep s pr m (Three a b (Node3 (sxy + sp) x y p))
      Node3 sxyz x y z -> Deep s pr m (Four a b (Node2 (sxyz - sz) x y) (Node2 (sz + sp) z p))
        where !sz = size z

    delRebuildMiddle :: Sized a
                     => Int -> Digit a -> a -> Digit a
                     -> FingerTree a
    delRebuildMiddle s (One a) e sf = Deep s (Two a e) EmptyT sf
    delRebuildMiddle s (Two a b) e sf = Deep s (Three a b e) EmptyT sf
    delRebuildMiddle s (Three a b c) e sf = Deep s (Four a b c e) EmptyT sf
    delRebuildMiddle s (Four a b c d) e sf = Deep s (Two a b) (Single (node3 c d e)) sf

    data DelDig a = FullDig !(Digit (Node a)) | DefectDig a

    {-# SPECIALIZE delDigit :: (Int -> Node (Elem a) -> Del (Elem a)) -> Int -> Digit (Node (Elem a)) -> DelDig (Elem a) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE delDigit :: (Int -> Node (Node a) -> Del (Node a)) -> Int -> Digit (Node (Node a)) -> DelDig (Node a) #-}
    delDigit :: Sized a => (Int -> Node a -> Del a) -> Int -> Digit (Node a) -> DelDig a
    delDigit f !i (One a) = case f i a of
      Full a' -> FullDig $ One a'
      Defect e -> DefectDig e
    delDigit f i (Two a b)
      | i < sa = case f i a of
         Full a' -> FullDig $ Two a' b
         Defect e -> let !se = size e in case b of
           Node3 sxyz x y z -> FullDig $ Two (Node2 (se + sx) e x) (Node2 (sxyz - sx) y z)
             where !sx = size x
           Node2 sxy x y -> FullDig $ One (Node3 (se + sxy) e x y)
      | otherwise = case f (i - sa) b of
         Full b' -> FullDig $ Two a b'
         Defect e -> let !se = size e in case a of
           Node3 sxyz x y z -> FullDig $ Two (Node2 (sxyz - sz) x y) (Node2 (sz + se) z e)
             where !sz = size z
           Node2 sxy x y -> FullDig $ One (Node3 (sxy + se) x y e)
      where sa = size a
    delDigit f i (Three a b c)
      | i < sa = case f i a of
         Full a' -> FullDig $ Three a' b c
         Defect e -> let !se = size e in case b of
           Node3 sxyz x y z -> FullDig $ Three (Node2 (se + sx) e x) (Node2 (sxyz - sx) y z) c
             where !sx = size x
           Node2 sxy x y -> FullDig $ Two (Node3 (se + sxy) e x y) c
      | i < sab = case f (i - sa) b of
         Full b' -> FullDig $ Three a b' c
         Defect e -> let !se = size e in case a of
           Node3 sxyz x y z -> FullDig $ Three (Node2 (sxyz - sz) x y) (Node2 (sz + se) z e) c
             where !sz = size z
           Node2 sxy x y -> FullDig $ Two (Node3 (sxy + se) x y e) c
      | otherwise = case f (i - sab) c of
         Full c' -> FullDig $ Three a b c'
         Defect e -> let !se = size e in case b of
           Node3 sxyz x y z -> FullDig $ Three a (Node2 (sxyz - sz) x y) (Node2 (sz + se) z e)
             where !sz = size z
           Node2 sxy x y -> FullDig $ Two a (Node3 (sxy + se) x y e)
      where sa = size a
            sab = sa + size b
    delDigit f i (Four a b c d)
      | i < sa = case f i a of
         Full a' -> FullDig $ Four a' b c d
         Defect e -> let !se = size e in case b of
           Node3 sxyz x y z -> FullDig $ Four (Node2 (se + sx) e x) (Node2 (sxyz - sx) y z) c d
             where !sx = size x
           Node2 sxy x y -> FullDig $ Three (Node3 (se + sxy) e x y) c d
      | i < sab = case f (i - sa) b of
         Full b' -> FullDig $ Four a b' c d
         Defect e -> let !se = size e in case a of
           Node3 sxyz x y z -> FullDig $ Four (Node2 (sxyz - sz) x y) (Node2 (sz + se) z e) c d
             where !sz = size z
           Node2 sxy x y -> FullDig $ Three (Node3 (sxy + se) x y e) c d
      | i < sabc = case f (i - sab) c of
         Full c' -> FullDig $ Four a b c' d
         Defect e -> let !se = size e in case b of
           Node3 sxyz x y z -> FullDig $ Four a (Node2 (sxyz - sz) x y) (Node2 (sz + se) z e) d
             where !sz = size z
           Node2 sxy x y -> FullDig $ Three a (Node3 (sxy + se) x y e) d
      | otherwise = case f (i - sabc) d of
         Full d' -> FullDig $ Four a b c d'
         Defect e -> let !se = size e in case c of
           Node3 sxyz x y z -> FullDig $ Four a b (Node2 (sxyz - sz) x y) (Node2 (sz + se) z e)
             where !sz = size z
           Node2 sxy x y -> FullDig $ Three a b (Node3 (sxy + se) x y e)
      where sa = size a
            sab = sa + size b
            sabc = sab + size c

    -- | /O(n)/. A generalization of 'fmap', 'mapWithIndex' takes a mapping
    -- function that also depends on the element's index, and applies it to every
    -- element in the sequence.
    mapWithIndex :: (Int -> a -> b) -> Seq a -> Seq b
    mapWithIndex f' (Seq xs') = Seq $ mapWithIndexTree (\s (Elem a) -> Elem (f' s a)) 0 xs'
     where
      {-# SPECIALIZE mapWithIndexTree :: (Int -> Elem y -> b) -> Int -> FingerTree (Elem y) -> FingerTree b #-}
      {-# SPECIALIZE mapWithIndexTree :: (Int -> Node y -> b) -> Int -> FingerTree (Node y) -> FingerTree b #-}
      mapWithIndexTree :: Sized a => (Int -> a -> b) -> Int -> FingerTree a -> FingerTree b
      mapWithIndexTree _ !_s EmptyT = EmptyT
      mapWithIndexTree f s (Single xs) = Single $ f s xs
      mapWithIndexTree f s (Deep n pr m sf) =
              Deep n
                   (mapWithIndexDigit f s pr)
                   (mapWithIndexTree (mapWithIndexNode f) sPspr m)
                   (mapWithIndexDigit f sPsprm sf)
        where
          !sPspr = s + size pr
          !sPsprm = sPspr + size m

      {-# SPECIALIZE mapWithIndexDigit :: (Int -> Elem y -> b) -> Int -> Digit (Elem y) -> Digit b #-}
      {-# SPECIALIZE mapWithIndexDigit :: (Int -> Node y -> b) -> Int -> Digit (Node y) -> Digit b #-}
      mapWithIndexDigit :: Sized a => (Int -> a -> b) -> Int -> Digit a -> Digit b
      mapWithIndexDigit f !s (One a) = One (f s a)
      mapWithIndexDigit f s (Two a b) = Two (f s a) (f sPsa b)
        where
          !sPsa = s + size a
      mapWithIndexDigit f s (Three a b c) =
                                          Three (f s a) (f sPsa b) (f sPsab c)
        where
          !sPsa = s + size a
          !sPsab = sPsa + size b
      mapWithIndexDigit f s (Four a b c d) =
                              Four (f s a) (f sPsa b) (f sPsab c) (f sPsabc d)
        where
          !sPsa = s + size a
          !sPsab = sPsa + size b
          !sPsabc = sPsab + size c

      {-# SPECIALIZE mapWithIndexNode :: (Int -> Elem y -> b) -> Int -> Node (Elem y) -> Node b #-}
      {-# SPECIALIZE mapWithIndexNode :: (Int -> Node y -> b) -> Int -> Node (Node y) -> Node b #-}
      mapWithIndexNode :: Sized a => (Int -> a -> b) -> Int -> Node a -> Node b
      mapWithIndexNode f s (Node2 ns a b) = Node2 ns (f s a) (f sPsa b)
        where
          !sPsa = s + size a
      mapWithIndexNode f s (Node3 ns a b c) =
                                         Node3 ns (f s a) (f sPsa b) (f sPsab c)
        where
          !sPsa = s + size a
          !sPsab = sPsa + size b

    #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
    {-# NOINLINE [1] mapWithIndex #-}
    {-# RULES
    "mapWithIndex/mapWithIndex" forall f g xs . mapWithIndex f (mapWithIndex g xs) =
      mapWithIndex (\k a -> f k (g k a)) xs
    "mapWithIndex/fmapSeq" forall f g xs . mapWithIndex f (fmapSeq g xs) =
      mapWithIndex (\k a -> f k (g a)) xs
    "fmapSeq/mapWithIndex" forall f g xs . fmapSeq f (mapWithIndex g xs) =
      mapWithIndex (\k a -> f (g k a)) xs
     #-}
    #endif

    -- | /O(n)/. A generalization of 'foldMap', 'foldMapWithIndex' takes a folding
    -- function that also depends on the element's index, and applies it to every
    -- element in the sequence.
    --
    -- @since 0.5.8
    foldMapWithIndex :: Monoid m => (Int -> a -> m) -> Seq a -> m
    foldMapWithIndex f' (Seq xs') = foldMapWithIndexTreeE (lift_elem f') 0 xs'
     where
      lift_elem :: (Int -> a -> m) -> (Int -> Elem a -> m)
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 708
      lift_elem g = coerce g
    #else
      lift_elem g = \s (Elem a) -> g s a
    #endif
      {-# INLINE lift_elem #-}
    -- We have to specialize these functions by hand, unfortunately, because
    -- GHC does not specialize until *all* instances are determined.
    -- Although the Sized instance is known at compile time, the Monoid
    -- instance generally is not.
      foldMapWithIndexTreeE :: Monoid m => (Int -> Elem a -> m) -> Int -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> m
      foldMapWithIndexTreeE _ !_s EmptyT = mempty
      foldMapWithIndexTreeE f s (Single xs) = f s xs
      foldMapWithIndexTreeE f s (Deep _ pr m sf) =
                   foldMapWithIndexDigitE f s pr <>
                   foldMapWithIndexTreeN (foldMapWithIndexNodeE f) sPspr m <>
                   foldMapWithIndexDigitE f sPsprm sf
        where
          !sPspr = s + size pr
          !sPsprm = sPspr + size m

      foldMapWithIndexTreeN :: Monoid m => (Int -> Node a -> m) -> Int -> FingerTree (Node a) -> m
      foldMapWithIndexTreeN _ !_s EmptyT = mempty
      foldMapWithIndexTreeN f s (Single xs) = f s xs
      foldMapWithIndexTreeN f s (Deep _ pr m sf) =
                   foldMapWithIndexDigitN f s pr <>
                   foldMapWithIndexTreeN (foldMapWithIndexNodeN f) sPspr m <>
                   foldMapWithIndexDigitN f sPsprm sf
        where
          !sPspr = s + size pr
          !sPsprm = sPspr + size m

      foldMapWithIndexDigitE :: Monoid m => (Int -> Elem a -> m) -> Int -> Digit (Elem a) -> m
      foldMapWithIndexDigitE f i t = foldMapWithIndexDigit f i t

      foldMapWithIndexDigitN :: Monoid m => (Int -> Node a -> m) -> Int -> Digit (Node a) -> m
      foldMapWithIndexDigitN f i t = foldMapWithIndexDigit f i t

      {-# INLINE foldMapWithIndexDigit #-}
      foldMapWithIndexDigit :: (Monoid m, Sized a) => (Int -> a -> m) -> Int -> Digit a -> m
      foldMapWithIndexDigit f !s (One a) = f s a
      foldMapWithIndexDigit f s (Two a b) = f s a <> f sPsa b
        where
          !sPsa = s + size a
      foldMapWithIndexDigit f s (Three a b c) =
                                          f s a <> f sPsa b <> f sPsab c
        where
          !sPsa = s + size a
          !sPsab = sPsa + size b
      foldMapWithIndexDigit f s (Four a b c d) =
                              f s a <> f sPsa b <> f sPsab c <> f sPsabc d
        where
          !sPsa = s + size a
          !sPsab = sPsa + size b
          !sPsabc = sPsab + size c

      foldMapWithIndexNodeE :: Monoid m => (Int -> Elem a -> m) -> Int -> Node (Elem a) -> m
      foldMapWithIndexNodeE f i t = foldMapWithIndexNode f i t

      foldMapWithIndexNodeN :: Monoid m => (Int -> Node a -> m) -> Int -> Node (Node a) -> m
      foldMapWithIndexNodeN f i t = foldMapWithIndexNode f i t

      {-# INLINE foldMapWithIndexNode #-}
      foldMapWithIndexNode :: (Monoid m, Sized a) => (Int -> a -> m) -> Int -> Node a -> m
      foldMapWithIndexNode f !s (Node2 _ a b) = f s a <> f sPsa b
        where
          !sPsa = s + size a
      foldMapWithIndexNode f s (Node3 _ a b c) =
                                         f s a <> f sPsa b <> f sPsab c
        where
          !sPsa = s + size a
          !sPsab = sPsa + size b

    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
    {-# INLINABLE foldMapWithIndex #-}
    #endif

    -- | 'traverseWithIndex' is a version of 'traverse' that also offers
    -- access to the index of each element.
    --
    -- @since 0.5.8
    traverseWithIndex :: Applicative f => (Int -> a -> f b) -> Seq a -> f (Seq b)
    traverseWithIndex f' (Seq xs') = Seq <$> traverseWithIndexTreeE (\s (Elem a) -> Elem <$> f' s a) 0 xs'
     where
    -- We have to specialize these functions by hand, unfortunately, because
    -- GHC does not specialize until *all* instances are determined.
    -- Although the Sized instance is known at compile time, the Applicative
    -- instance generally is not.
      traverseWithIndexTreeE :: Applicative f => (Int -> Elem a -> f b) -> Int -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> f (FingerTree b)
      traverseWithIndexTreeE _ !_s EmptyT = pure EmptyT
      traverseWithIndexTreeE f s (Single xs) = Single <$> f s xs
      traverseWithIndexTreeE f s (Deep n pr m sf) =
              liftA3 (Deep n)
                   (traverseWithIndexDigitE f s pr)
                   (traverseWithIndexTreeN (traverseWithIndexNodeE f) sPspr m)
                   (traverseWithIndexDigitE f sPsprm sf)
        where
          !sPspr = s + size pr
          !sPsprm = sPspr + size m

      traverseWithIndexTreeN :: Applicative f => (Int -> Node a -> f b) -> Int -> FingerTree (Node a) -> f (FingerTree b)
      traverseWithIndexTreeN _ !_s EmptyT = pure EmptyT
      traverseWithIndexTreeN f s (Single xs) = Single <$> f s xs
      traverseWithIndexTreeN f s (Deep n pr m sf) =
              liftA3 (Deep n)
                   (traverseWithIndexDigitN f s pr)
                   (traverseWithIndexTreeN (traverseWithIndexNodeN f) sPspr m)
                   (traverseWithIndexDigitN f sPsprm sf)
        where
          !sPspr = s + size pr
          !sPsprm = sPspr + size m

      traverseWithIndexDigitE :: Applicative f => (Int -> Elem a -> f b) -> Int -> Digit (Elem a) -> f (Digit b)
      traverseWithIndexDigitE f i t = traverseWithIndexDigit f i t

      traverseWithIndexDigitN :: Applicative f => (Int -> Node a -> f b) -> Int -> Digit (Node a) -> f (Digit b)
      traverseWithIndexDigitN f i t = traverseWithIndexDigit f i t

      {-# INLINE traverseWithIndexDigit #-}
      traverseWithIndexDigit :: (Applicative f, Sized a) => (Int -> a -> f b) -> Int -> Digit a -> f (Digit b)
      traverseWithIndexDigit f !s (One a) = One <$> f s a
      traverseWithIndexDigit f s (Two a b) = liftA2 Two (f s a) (f sPsa b)
        where
          !sPsa = s + size a
      traverseWithIndexDigit f s (Three a b c) =
                                          liftA3 Three (f s a) (f sPsa b) (f sPsab c)
        where
          !sPsa = s + size a
          !sPsab = sPsa + size b
      traverseWithIndexDigit f s (Four a b c d) =
                              liftA3 Four (f s a) (f sPsa b) (f sPsab c) <*> f sPsabc d
        where
          !sPsa = s + size a
          !sPsab = sPsa + size b
          !sPsabc = sPsab + size c

      traverseWithIndexNodeE :: Applicative f => (Int -> Elem a -> f b) -> Int -> Node (Elem a) -> f (Node b)
      traverseWithIndexNodeE f i t = traverseWithIndexNode f i t

      traverseWithIndexNodeN :: Applicative f => (Int -> Node a -> f b) -> Int -> Node (Node a) -> f (Node b)
      traverseWithIndexNodeN f i t = traverseWithIndexNode f i t

      {-# INLINE traverseWithIndexNode #-}
      traverseWithIndexNode :: (Applicative f, Sized a) => (Int -> a -> f b) -> Int -> Node a -> f (Node b)
      traverseWithIndexNode f !s (Node2 ns a b) = liftA2 (Node2 ns) (f s a) (f sPsa b)
        where
          !sPsa = s + size a
      traverseWithIndexNode f s (Node3 ns a b c) =
                               liftA3 (Node3 ns) (f s a) (f sPsa b) (f sPsab c)
        where
          !sPsa = s + size a
          !sPsab = sPsa + size b

    {-# NOINLINE [1] traverseWithIndex #-}
    #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
    {-# RULES
    "travWithIndex/mapWithIndex" forall f g xs . traverseWithIndex f (mapWithIndex g xs) =
      traverseWithIndex (\k a -> f k (g k a)) xs
    "travWithIndex/fmapSeq" forall f g xs . traverseWithIndex f (fmapSeq g xs) =
      traverseWithIndex (\k a -> f k (g a)) xs
     #-}
    #endif
    {-
    It might be nice to be able to rewrite

    traverseWithIndex f (fromFunction i g)
    to
    replicateAWithIndex i (\k -> f k (g k))
    and
    traverse f (fromFunction i g)
    to
    replicateAWithIndex i (f . g)

    but we don't have replicateAWithIndex as yet.

    We might wish for a rule like
    "fmapSeq/travWithIndex" forall f g xs . fmapSeq f <$> traverseWithIndex g xs =
      traverseWithIndex (\k a -> f <$> g k a) xs
    Unfortunately, this rule could screw up the inliner's treatment of
    fmap in general, and it also relies on the arbitrary Functor being
    valid.
    -}

    -- | /O(n)/. Convert a given sequence length and a function representing that
    -- sequence into a sequence.
    fromFunction :: Int -> (Int -> a) -> Seq a
    fromFunction len f | len < 0 = error "Data.Sequence.fromFunction called with negative len"
                       | len == 0 = empty
                       | otherwise = Seq $ create (lift_elem f) 1 0 len
      where
        create :: (Int -> a) -> Int -> Int -> Int -> FingerTree a
        create b{-tree_builder-} !s{-tree_size-} !i{-start_index-} trees = case trees of
           1 -> Single $ b i
           2 -> Deep (2*s) (One (b i)) EmptyT (One (b (i+s)))
           3 -> Deep (3*s) (createTwo i) EmptyT (One (b (i+2*s)))
           4 -> Deep (4*s) (createTwo i) EmptyT (createTwo (i+2*s))
           5 -> Deep (5*s) (createThree i) EmptyT (createTwo (i+3*s))
           6 -> Deep (6*s) (createThree i) EmptyT (createThree (i+3*s))
           _ -> case trees `quotRem` 3 of
               (trees', 1) -> Deep (trees*s) (createTwo i)
                                  (create mb (3*s) (i+2*s) (trees'-1))
                                  (createTwo (i+(2+3*(trees'-1))*s))
               (trees', 2) -> Deep (trees*s) (createThree i)
                                  (create mb (3*s) (i+3*s) (trees'-1))
                                  (createTwo (i+(3+3*(trees'-1))*s))
               (trees', _) -> Deep (trees*s) (createThree i)
                                  (create mb (3*s) (i+3*s) (trees'-2))
                                  (createThree (i+(3+3*(trees'-2))*s))
          where
            createTwo j = Two (b j) (b (j + s))
            {-# INLINE createTwo #-}
            createThree j = Three (b j) (b (j + s)) (b (j + 2*s))
            {-# INLINE createThree #-}
            mb j = Node3 (3*s) (b j) (b (j + s)) (b (j + 2*s))
            {-# INLINE mb #-}

        lift_elem :: (Int -> a) -> (Int -> Elem a)
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 708
        lift_elem g = coerce g
    #else
        lift_elem g = Elem . g
    #endif
        {-# INLINE lift_elem #-}

    -- | /O(n)/. Create a sequence consisting of the elements of an 'Array'.
    -- Note that the resulting sequence elements may be evaluated lazily (as on GHC),
    -- so you must force the entire structure to be sure that the original array
    -- can be garbage-collected.
    fromArray :: Ix i => Array i a -> Seq a
    #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
    fromArray a = fromFunction (GHC.Arr.numElements a) (GHC.Arr.unsafeAt a)
     where
      -- The following definition uses (Ix i) constraing, which is needed for the
      -- other fromArray definition.
      _ = Data.Array.rangeSize (Data.Array.bounds a)
    #else
    fromArray a = fromList2 (Data.Array.rangeSize (Data.Array.bounds a)) (Data.Array.elems a)
    #endif

    -- Splitting

    -- | /O(log(min(i,n-i)))/. The first @i@ elements of a sequence.
    -- If @i@ is negative, @'take' i s@ yields the empty sequence.
    -- If the sequence contains fewer than @i@ elements, the whole sequence
    -- is returned.
    take :: Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
    take i xs@(Seq t)
        -- See note on unsigned arithmetic in splitAt
      | fromIntegral i - 1 < (fromIntegral (length xs) - 1 :: Word) =
          Seq (takeTreeE i t)
      | i <= 0 = empty
      | otherwise = xs

    takeTreeE :: Int -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a)
    takeTreeE !_i EmptyT = EmptyT
    takeTreeE i t@(Single _)
       | i <= 0 = EmptyT
       | otherwise = t
    takeTreeE i (Deep s pr m sf)
      | i < spr     = takePrefixE i pr
      | i < spm     = case takeTreeN im m of
                ml :*: xs -> takeMiddleE (im - size ml) spr pr ml xs
      | otherwise   = takeSuffixE (i - spm) s pr m sf
      where
        spr     = size pr
        spm     = spr + size m
        im      = i - spr

    takeTreeN :: Int -> FingerTree (Node a) -> StrictPair (FingerTree (Node a)) (Node a)
    takeTreeN !_i EmptyT = error "takeTreeN of empty tree"
    takeTreeN _i (Single x) = EmptyT :*: x
    takeTreeN i (Deep s pr m sf)
      | i < spr     = takePrefixN i pr
      | i < spm     = case takeTreeN im m of
                ml :*: xs -> takeMiddleN (im - size ml) spr pr ml xs
      | otherwise   = takeSuffixN (i - spm) s pr m sf  where
        spr     = size pr
        spm     = spr + size m
        im      = i - spr

    takeMiddleN :: Int -> Int
                 -> Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> Node (Node a)
                 -> StrictPair (FingerTree (Node a)) (Node a)
    takeMiddleN i spr pr ml (Node2 _ a b)
      | i < sa      = pullR sprml pr ml :*: a
      | otherwise   = Deep sprmla pr ml (One a) :*: b
      where
        sa      = size a
        sprml   = spr + size ml
        sprmla  = sa + sprml
    takeMiddleN i spr pr ml (Node3 _ a b c)
      | i < sa      = pullR sprml pr ml :*: a
      | i < sab     = Deep sprmla pr ml (One a) :*: b
      | otherwise   = Deep sprmlab pr ml (Two a b) :*: c
      where
        sa      = size a
        sab     = sa + size b
        sprml   = spr + size ml
        sprmla  = sa + sprml
        sprmlab = sprmla + size b

    takeMiddleE :: Int -> Int
                 -> Digit (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Node (Elem a)) -> Node (Elem a)
                 -> FingerTree (Elem a)
    takeMiddleE i spr pr ml (Node2 _ a _)
      | i < 1       = pullR sprml pr ml
      | otherwise   = Deep sprmla pr ml (One a)
      where
        sprml   = spr + size ml
        sprmla  = 1 + sprml
    takeMiddleE i spr pr ml (Node3 _ a b _)
      | i < 1       = pullR sprml pr ml
      | i < 2       = Deep sprmla pr ml (One a)
      | otherwise   = Deep sprmlab pr ml (Two a b)
      where
        sprml   = spr + size ml
        sprmla  = 1 + sprml
        sprmlab = sprmla + 1

    takePrefixE :: Int -> Digit (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a)
    takePrefixE !_i (One _) = EmptyT
    takePrefixE i (Two a _)
      | i < 1       = EmptyT
      | otherwise   = Single a
    takePrefixE i (Three a b _)
      | i < 1       = EmptyT
      | i < 2       = Single a
      | otherwise   = Deep 2 (One a) EmptyT (One b)
    takePrefixE i (Four a b c _)
      | i < 1       = EmptyT
      | i < 2       = Single a
      | i < 3       = Deep 2 (One a) EmptyT (One b)
      | otherwise   = Deep 3 (Two a b) EmptyT (One c)

    takePrefixN :: Int -> Digit (Node a)
                        -> StrictPair (FingerTree (Node a)) (Node a)
    takePrefixN !_i (One a) = EmptyT :*: a
    takePrefixN i (Two a b)
      | i < sa      = EmptyT :*: a
      | otherwise   = Single a :*: b
      where
        sa      = size a
    takePrefixN i (Three a b c)
      | i < sa      = EmptyT :*: a
      | i < sab     = Single a :*: b
      | otherwise   = Deep sab (One a) EmptyT (One b) :*: c
      where
        sa      = size a
        sab     = sa + size b
    takePrefixN i (Four a b c d)
      | i < sa      = EmptyT :*: a
      | i < sab     = Single a :*: b
      | i < sabc    = Deep sab (One a) EmptyT (One b) :*: c
      | otherwise   = Deep sabc (Two a b) EmptyT (One c) :*: d
      where
        sa      = size a
        sab     = sa + size b
        sabc    = sab + size c

    takeSuffixE :: Int -> Int -> Digit (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Node (Elem a)) -> Digit (Elem a) ->
       FingerTree (Elem a)
    takeSuffixE !_i !s pr m (One _) = pullR (s - 1) pr m
    takeSuffixE i s pr m (Two a _)
      | i < 1      = pullR (s - 2) pr m
      | otherwise  = Deep (s - 1) pr m (One a)
    takeSuffixE i s pr m (Three a b _)
      | i < 1      = pullR (s - 3) pr m
      | i < 2      = Deep (s - 2) pr m (One a)
      | otherwise  = Deep (s - 1) pr m (Two a b)
    takeSuffixE i s pr m (Four a b c _)
      | i < 1      = pullR (s - 4) pr m
      | i < 2      = Deep (s - 3) pr m (One a)
      | i < 3      = Deep (s - 2) pr m (Two a b)
      | otherwise  = Deep (s - 1) pr m (Three a b c)

    takeSuffixN :: Int -> Int -> Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> Digit (Node a) ->
       StrictPair (FingerTree (Node a)) (Node a)
    takeSuffixN !_i !s pr m (One a) = pullR (s - size a) pr m :*: a
    takeSuffixN i s pr m (Two a b)
      | i < sa      = pullR (s - sa - size b) pr m :*: a
      | otherwise   = Deep (s - size b) pr m (One a) :*: b
      where
        sa      = size a
    takeSuffixN i s pr m (Three a b c)
      | i < sa      = pullR (s - sab - size c) pr m :*: a
      | i < sab     = Deep (s - size b - size c) pr m (One a) :*: b
      | otherwise   = Deep (s - size c) pr m (Two a b) :*: c
      where
        sa      = size a
        sab     = sa + size b
    takeSuffixN i s pr m (Four a b c d)
      | i < sa      = pullR (s - sa - sbcd) pr m :*: a
      | i < sab     = Deep (s - sbcd) pr m (One a) :*: b
      | i < sabc    = Deep (s - scd) pr m (Two a b) :*: c
      | otherwise   = Deep (s - sd) pr m (Three a b c) :*: d
      where
        sa      = size a
        sab     = sa + size b
        sabc    = sab + size c
        sd      = size d
        scd     = size c + sd
        sbcd    = size b + scd

    -- | /O(log(min(i,n-i)))/. Elements of a sequence after the first @i@.
    -- If @i@ is negative, @'drop' i s@ yields the whole sequence.
    -- If the sequence contains fewer than @i@ elements, the empty sequence
    -- is returned.
    drop            :: Int -> Seq a -> Seq a
    drop i xs@(Seq t)
        -- See note on unsigned arithmetic in splitAt
      | fromIntegral i - 1 < (fromIntegral (length xs) - 1 :: Word) =
          Seq (takeTreeER (length xs - i) t)
      | i <= 0 = xs
      | otherwise = empty

    -- We implement `drop` using a "take from the rear" strategy.  There's no
    -- particular technical reason for this; it just lets us reuse the arithmetic
    -- from `take` (which itself reuses the arithmetic from `splitAt`) instead of
    -- figuring it out from scratch and ending up with lots of off-by-one errors.
    takeTreeER :: Int -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a)
    takeTreeER !_i EmptyT = EmptyT
    takeTreeER i t@(Single _)
       | i <= 0 = EmptyT
       | otherwise = t
    takeTreeER i (Deep s pr m sf)
      | i < ssf     = takeSuffixER i sf
      | i < ssm     = case takeTreeNR im m of
                xs :*: mr -> takeMiddleER (im - size mr) ssf xs mr sf
      | otherwise   = takePrefixER (i - ssm) s pr m sf
      where
        ssf     = size sf
        ssm     = ssf + size m
        im      = i - ssf

    takeTreeNR :: Int -> FingerTree (Node a) -> StrictPair (Node a) (FingerTree (Node a))
    takeTreeNR !_i EmptyT = error "takeTreeNR of empty tree"
    takeTreeNR _i (Single x) = x :*: EmptyT
    takeTreeNR i (Deep s pr m sf)
      | i < ssf     = takeSuffixNR i sf
      | i < ssm     = case takeTreeNR im m of
                xs :*: mr -> takeMiddleNR (im - size mr) ssf xs mr sf
      | otherwise   = takePrefixNR (i - ssm) s pr m sf  where
        ssf     = size sf
        ssm     = ssf + size m
        im      = i - ssf

    takeMiddleNR :: Int -> Int
                 -> Node (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> Digit (Node a)
                 -> StrictPair (Node a) (FingerTree (Node a))
    takeMiddleNR i ssf (Node2 _ a b) mr sf
      | i < sb      = b :*: pullL ssfmr mr sf
      | otherwise   = a :*: Deep ssfmrb (One b) mr sf
      where
        sb      = size b
        ssfmr   = ssf + size mr
        ssfmrb  = sb + ssfmr
    takeMiddleNR i ssf (Node3 _ a b c) mr sf
      | i < sc      = c :*: pullL ssfmr mr sf
      | i < sbc     = b :*: Deep ssfmrc (One c) mr sf
      | otherwise   = a :*: Deep ssfmrbc (Two b c) mr sf
      where
        sc      = size c
        sbc     = sc + size b
        ssfmr   = ssf + size mr
        ssfmrc  = sc + ssfmr
        ssfmrbc = ssfmrc + size b

    takeMiddleER :: Int -> Int
                 -> Node (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Node (Elem a)) -> Digit (Elem a)
                 -> FingerTree (Elem a)
    takeMiddleER i ssf (Node2 _ _ b) mr sf
      | i < 1       = pullL ssfmr mr sf
      | otherwise   = Deep ssfmrb (One b) mr sf
      where
        ssfmr   = ssf + size mr
        ssfmrb  = 1 + ssfmr
    takeMiddleER i ssf (Node3 _ _ b c) mr sf
      | i < 1       = pullL ssfmr mr sf
      | i < 2       = Deep ssfmrc (One c) mr sf
      | otherwise   = Deep ssfmrbc (Two b c) mr sf
      where
        ssfmr   = ssf + size mr
        ssfmrc  = 1 + ssfmr
        ssfmrbc = ssfmr + 2

    takeSuffixER :: Int -> Digit (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem a)
    takeSuffixER !_i (One _) = EmptyT
    takeSuffixER i (Two _ b)
      | i < 1       = EmptyT
      | otherwise   = Single b
    takeSuffixER i (Three _ b c)
      | i < 1       = EmptyT
      | i < 2       = Single c
      | otherwise   = Deep 2 (One b) EmptyT (One c)
    takeSuffixER i (Four _ b c d)
      | i < 1       = EmptyT
      | i < 2       = Single d
      | i < 3       = Deep 2 (One c) EmptyT (One d)
      | otherwise   = Deep 3 (Two b c) EmptyT (One d)

    takeSuffixNR :: Int -> Digit (Node a)
                        -> StrictPair (Node a) (FingerTree (Node a))
    takeSuffixNR !_i (One a) = a :*: EmptyT
    takeSuffixNR i (Two a b)
      | i < sb      = b :*: EmptyT
      | otherwise   = a :*: Single b
      where
        sb      = size b
    takeSuffixNR i (Three a b c)
      | i < sc      = c :*: EmptyT
      | i < sbc     = b :*: Single c
      | otherwise   = a :*: Deep sbc (One b) EmptyT (One c)
      where
        sc      = size c
        sbc     = sc + size b
    takeSuffixNR i (Four a b c d)
      | i < sd      = d :*: EmptyT
      | i < scd     = c :*: Single d
      | i < sbcd    = b :*: Deep scd (One c) EmptyT (One d)
      | otherwise   = a :*: Deep sbcd (Two b c) EmptyT (One d)
      where
        sd      = size d
        scd     = sd + size c
        sbcd    = scd + size b

    takePrefixER :: Int -> Int -> Digit (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Node (Elem a)) -> Digit (Elem a) ->
       FingerTree (Elem a)
    takePrefixER !_i !s (One _) m sf = pullL (s - 1) m sf
    takePrefixER i s (Two _ b) m sf
      | i < 1      = pullL (s - 2) m sf
      | otherwise  = Deep (s - 1) (One b) m sf
    takePrefixER i s (Three _ b c) m sf
      | i < 1      = pullL (s - 3) m sf
      | i < 2      = Deep (s - 2) (One c) m sf
      | otherwise  = Deep (s - 1) (Two b c) m sf
    takePrefixER i s (Four _ b c d) m sf
      | i < 1      = pullL (s - 4) m sf
      | i < 2      = Deep (s - 3) (One d) m sf
      | i < 3      = Deep (s - 2) (Two c d) m sf
      | otherwise  = Deep (s - 1) (Three b c d) m sf

    takePrefixNR :: Int -> Int -> Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> Digit (Node a) ->
       StrictPair (Node a) (FingerTree (Node a))
    takePrefixNR !_i !s (One a) m sf = a :*: pullL (s - size a) m sf
    takePrefixNR i s (Two a b) m sf
      | i < sb      = b :*: pullL (s - sb - size a) m sf
      | otherwise   = a :*: Deep (s - size a) (One b) m sf
      where
        sb      = size b
    takePrefixNR i s (Three a b c) m sf
      | i < sc      = c :*: pullL (s - sbc - size a) m sf
      | i < sbc     = b :*: Deep (s - size b - size a) (One c) m sf
      | otherwise   = a :*: Deep (s - size a) (Two b c) m sf
      where
        sc      = size c
        sbc     = sc + size b
    takePrefixNR i s (Four a b c d) m sf
      | i < sd      = d :*: pullL (s - sd - sabc) m sf
      | i < scd     = c :*: Deep (s - sabc) (One d) m sf
      | i < sbcd    = b :*: Deep (s - sab) (Two c d) m sf
      | otherwise   = a :*: Deep (s - sa) (Three b c d) m sf
      where
        sa      = size a
        sab     = sa + size b
        sabc    = sab + size c
        sd      = size d
        scd     = size c + sd
        sbcd    = size b + scd

    -- | /O(log(min(i,n-i)))/. Split a sequence at a given position.
    -- @'splitAt' i s = ('take' i s, 'drop' i s)@.
    splitAt                  :: Int -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
    splitAt i xs@(Seq t)
      -- We use an unsigned comparison to make the common case
      -- faster. This only works because our representation of
      -- sizes as (signed) Ints gives us a free high bit to play
      -- with. Note also that there's no sharing to lose in the
      -- case that the length is 0.
      | fromIntegral i - 1 < (fromIntegral (length xs) - 1 :: Word) =
          case splitTreeE i t of
            l :*: r -> (Seq l, Seq r)
      | i <= 0 = (empty, xs)
      | otherwise = (xs, empty)

    -- | /O(log(min(i,n-i))) A version of 'splitAt' that does not attempt to
    -- enhance sharing when the split point is less than or equal to 0, and that
    -- gives completely wrong answers when the split point is at least the length
    -- of the sequence, unless the sequence is a singleton. This is used to
    -- implement zipWith and chunksOf, which are extremely sensitive to the cost of
    -- splitting very short sequences. There is just enough of a speed increase to
    -- make this worth the trouble.
    uncheckedSplitAt :: Int -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
    uncheckedSplitAt i (Seq xs) = case splitTreeE i xs of
      l :*: r -> (Seq l, Seq r)

    data Split a = Split !(FingerTree (Node a)) !(Node a) !(FingerTree (Node a))
    #ifdef TESTING
        deriving Show
    #endif

    splitTreeE :: Int -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> StrictPair (FingerTree (Elem a)) (FingerTree (Elem a))
    splitTreeE !_i EmptyT = EmptyT :*: EmptyT
    splitTreeE i t@(Single _)
       | i <= 0 = EmptyT :*: t
       | otherwise = t :*: EmptyT
    splitTreeE i (Deep s pr m sf)
      | i < spr     = splitPrefixE i s pr m sf
      | i < spm     = case splitTreeN im m of
                Split ml xs mr -> splitMiddleE (im - size ml) s spr pr ml xs mr sf
      | otherwise   = splitSuffixE (i - spm) s pr m sf
      where
        spr     = size pr
        spm     = spr + size m
        im      = i - spr

    splitTreeN :: Int -> FingerTree (Node a) -> Split a
    splitTreeN !_i EmptyT = error "splitTreeN of empty tree"
    splitTreeN _i (Single x) = Split EmptyT x EmptyT
    splitTreeN i (Deep s pr m sf)
      | i < spr     = splitPrefixN i s pr m sf
      | i < spm     = case splitTreeN im m of
                Split ml xs mr -> splitMiddleN (im - size ml) s spr pr ml xs mr sf
      | otherwise   = splitSuffixN (i - spm) s pr m sf  where
        spr     = size pr
        spm     = spr + size m
        im      = i - spr

    splitMiddleN :: Int -> Int -> Int
                 -> Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> Node (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> Digit (Node a)
                 -> Split a
    splitMiddleN i s spr pr ml (Node2 _ a b) mr sf
      | i < sa      = Split (pullR sprml pr ml) a (Deep (s - sprmla) (One b) mr sf)
      | otherwise   = Split (Deep sprmla pr ml (One a)) b (pullL (s - sprmla - size b) mr sf)
      where
        sa      = size a
        sprml   = spr + size ml
        sprmla  = sa + sprml
    splitMiddleN i s spr pr ml (Node3 _ a b c) mr sf
      | i < sa      = Split (pullR sprml pr ml) a (Deep (s - sprmla) (Two b c) mr sf)
      | i < sab     = Split (Deep sprmla pr ml (One a)) b (Deep (s - sprmlab) (One c) mr sf)
      | otherwise   = Split (Deep sprmlab pr ml (Two a b)) c (pullL (s - sprmlab - size c) mr sf)
      where
        sa      = size a
        sab     = sa + size b
        sprml   = spr + size ml
        sprmla  = sa + sprml
        sprmlab = sprmla + size b

    splitMiddleE :: Int -> Int -> Int
                 -> Digit (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Node (Elem a)) -> Node (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Node (Elem a)) -> Digit (Elem a)
                 -> StrictPair (FingerTree (Elem a)) (FingerTree (Elem a))
    splitMiddleE i s spr pr ml (Node2 _ a b) mr sf
      | i < 1       = pullR sprml pr ml :*: Deep (s - sprml) (Two a b) mr sf
      | otherwise   = Deep sprmla pr ml (One a) :*: Deep (s - sprmla) (One b) mr sf
      where
        sprml   = spr + size ml
        sprmla  = 1 + sprml
    splitMiddleE i s spr pr ml (Node3 _ a b c) mr sf = case i of
      0 -> pullR sprml pr ml :*: Deep (s - sprml) (Three a b c) mr sf
      1 -> Deep sprmla pr ml (One a) :*: Deep (s - sprmla) (Two b c) mr sf
      _ -> Deep sprmlab pr ml (Two a b) :*: Deep (s - sprmlab) (One c) mr sf
      where
        sprml   = spr + size ml
        sprmla  = 1 + sprml
        sprmlab = sprmla + 1

    splitPrefixE :: Int -> Int -> Digit (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Node (Elem a)) -> Digit (Elem a) ->
                        StrictPair (FingerTree (Elem a)) (FingerTree (Elem a))
    splitPrefixE !_i !s (One a) m sf = EmptyT :*: Deep s (One a) m sf
    splitPrefixE i s (Two a b) m sf = case i of
      0 -> EmptyT :*: Deep s (Two a b) m sf
      _ -> Single a :*: Deep (s - 1) (One b) m sf
    splitPrefixE i s (Three a b c) m sf = case i of
      0 -> EmptyT :*: Deep s (Three a b c) m sf
      1 -> Single a :*: Deep (s - 1) (Two b c) m sf
      _ -> Deep 2 (One a) EmptyT (One b) :*: Deep (s - 2) (One c) m sf
    splitPrefixE i s (Four a b c d) m sf = case i of
      0 -> EmptyT :*: Deep s (Four a b c d) m sf
      1 -> Single a :*: Deep (s - 1) (Three b c d) m sf
      2 -> Deep 2 (One a) EmptyT (One b) :*: Deep (s - 2) (Two c d) m sf
      _ -> Deep 3 (Two a b) EmptyT (One c) :*: Deep (s - 3) (One d) m sf

    splitPrefixN :: Int -> Int -> Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> Digit (Node a) ->
                        Split a
    splitPrefixN !_i !s (One a) m sf = Split EmptyT a (pullL (s - size a) m sf)
    splitPrefixN i s (Two a b) m sf
      | i < sa      = Split EmptyT a (Deep (s - sa) (One b) m sf)
      | otherwise   = Split (Single a) b (pullL (s - sa - size b) m sf)
      where
        sa      = size a
    splitPrefixN i s (Three a b c) m sf
      | i < sa      = Split EmptyT a (Deep (s - sa) (Two b c) m sf)
      | i < sab     = Split (Single a) b (Deep (s - sab) (One c) m sf)
      | otherwise   = Split (Deep sab (One a) EmptyT (One b)) c (pullL (s - sab - size c) m sf)
      where
        sa      = size a
        sab     = sa + size b
    splitPrefixN i s (Four a b c d) m sf
      | i < sa      = Split EmptyT a $ Deep (s - sa) (Three b c d) m sf
      | i < sab     = Split (Single a) b $ Deep (s - sab) (Two c d) m sf
      | i < sabc    = Split (Deep sab (One a) EmptyT (One b)) c $ Deep (s - sabc) (One d) m sf
      | otherwise   = Split (Deep sabc (Two a b) EmptyT (One c)) d $ pullL (s - sabc - size d) m sf
      where
        sa      = size a
        sab     = sa + size b
        sabc    = sab + size c

    splitSuffixE :: Int -> Int -> Digit (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Node (Elem a)) -> Digit (Elem a) ->
       StrictPair (FingerTree (Elem a)) (FingerTree (Elem a))
    splitSuffixE !_i !s pr m (One a) = pullR (s - 1) pr m :*: Single a
    splitSuffixE i s pr m (Two a b) = case i of
      0 -> pullR (s - 2) pr m :*: Deep 2 (One a) EmptyT (One b)
      _ -> Deep (s - 1) pr m (One a) :*: Single b
    splitSuffixE i s pr m (Three a b c) = case i of
      0 -> pullR (s - 3) pr m :*: Deep 3 (Two a b) EmptyT (One c)
      1 -> Deep (s - 2) pr m (One a) :*: Deep 2 (One b) EmptyT (One c)
      _ -> Deep (s - 1) pr m (Two a b) :*: Single c
    splitSuffixE i s pr m (Four a b c d) = case i of
      0 -> pullR (s - 4) pr m :*: Deep 4 (Two a b) EmptyT (Two c d)
      1 -> Deep (s - 3) pr m (One a) :*: Deep 3 (Two b c) EmptyT (One d)
      2 -> Deep (s - 2) pr m (Two a b) :*: Deep 2 (One c) EmptyT (One d)
      _ -> Deep (s - 1) pr m (Three a b c) :*: Single d

    splitSuffixN :: Int -> Int -> Digit (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node (Node a)) -> Digit (Node a) ->
       Split a
    splitSuffixN !_i !s pr m (One a) = Split (pullR (s - size a) pr m) a EmptyT
    splitSuffixN i s pr m (Two a b)
      | i < sa      = Split (pullR (s - sa - size b) pr m) a (Single b)
      | otherwise   = Split (Deep (s - size b) pr m (One a)) b EmptyT
      where
        sa      = size a
    splitSuffixN i s pr m (Three a b c)
      | i < sa      = Split (pullR (s - sab - size c) pr m) a (deep (One b) EmptyT (One c))
      | i < sab     = Split (Deep (s - size b - size c) pr m (One a)) b (Single c)
      | otherwise   = Split (Deep (s - size c) pr m (Two a b)) c EmptyT
      where
        sa      = size a
        sab     = sa + size b
    splitSuffixN i s pr m (Four a b c d)
      | i < sa      = Split (pullR (s - sa - sbcd) pr m) a (Deep sbcd (Two b c) EmptyT (One d))
      | i < sab     = Split (Deep (s - sbcd) pr m (One a)) b (Deep scd (One c) EmptyT (One d))
      | i < sabc    = Split (Deep (s - scd) pr m (Two a b)) c (Single d)
      | otherwise   = Split (Deep (s - sd) pr m (Three a b c)) d EmptyT
      where
        sa      = size a
        sab     = sa + size b
        sabc    = sab + size c
        sd      = size d
        scd     = size c + sd
        sbcd    = size b + scd

    -- | /O(n)/. @chunksOf n xs@ splits @xs@ into chunks of size @n>0@.
    -- If @n@ does not divide the length of @xs@ evenly, then the last element
    -- of the result will be short.
    chunksOf :: Int -> Seq a -> Seq (Seq a)
    chunksOf n xs | n <= 0 =
      if null xs
        then empty
        else error "chunksOf: A non-empty sequence can only be broken up into positively-sized chunks."
    chunksOf 1 s = fmap singleton s
    chunksOf n s = splitMap (uncheckedSplitAt . (*n)) const most (replicate numReps ())
                     >< if null end then empty else singleton end
      where
        (numReps, endLength) = length s `quotRem` n
        (most, end) = splitAt (length s - endLength) s

    -- | /O(n)/.  Returns a sequence of all suffixes of this sequence,
    -- longest first.  For example,
    --
    -- > tails (fromList "abc") = fromList [fromList "abc", fromList "bc", fromList "c", fromList ""]
    --
    -- Evaluating the /i/th suffix takes /O(log(min(i, n-i)))/, but evaluating
    -- every suffix in the sequence takes /O(n)/ due to sharing.
    tails                   :: Seq a -> Seq (Seq a)
    tails (Seq xs)          = Seq (tailsTree (Elem . Seq) xs) |> empty

    -- | /O(n)/.  Returns a sequence of all prefixes of this sequence,
    -- shortest first.  For example,
    --
    -- > inits (fromList "abc") = fromList [fromList "", fromList "a", fromList "ab", fromList "abc"]
    --
    -- Evaluating the /i/th prefix takes /O(log(min(i, n-i)))/, but evaluating
    -- every prefix in the sequence takes /O(n)/ due to sharing.
    inits                   :: Seq a -> Seq (Seq a)
    inits (Seq xs)          = empty <| Seq (initsTree (Elem . Seq) xs)

    -- This implementation of tails (and, analogously, inits) has the
    -- following algorithmic advantages:
    --      Evaluating each tail in the sequence takes linear total time,
    --      which is better than we could say for
    --              @fromList [drop n xs | n <- [0..length xs]]@.
    --      Evaluating any individual tail takes logarithmic time, which is
    --      better than we can say for either
    --              @scanr (<|) empty xs@ or @iterateN (length xs + 1) (\ xs -> let _ :< xs' = viewl xs in xs') xs@.
    --
    -- Moreover, if we actually look at every tail in the sequence, the
    -- following benchmarks demonstrate that this implementation is modestly
    -- faster than any of the above:
    --
    -- Times (ms)
    --               min      mean    +/-sd    median    max
    -- Seq.tails:   21.986   24.961   10.169   22.417   86.485
    -- scanr:       85.392   87.942    2.488   87.425  100.217
    -- iterateN:       29.952   31.245    1.574   30.412   37.268
    --
    -- The algorithm for tails (and, analogously, inits) is as follows:
    --
    -- A Node in the FingerTree of tails is constructed by evaluating the
    -- corresponding tail of the FingerTree of Nodes, considering the first
    -- Node in this tail, and constructing a Node in which each tail of this
    -- Node is made to be the prefix of the remaining tree.  This ends up
    -- working quite elegantly, as the remainder of the tail of the FingerTree
    -- of Nodes becomes the middle of a new tail, the suffix of the Node is
    -- the prefix, and the suffix of the original tree is retained.
    --
    -- In particular, evaluating the /i/th tail involves making as
    -- many partial evaluations as the Node depth of the /i/th element.
    -- In addition, when we evaluate the /i/th tail, and we also evaluate
    -- the /j/th tail, and /m/ Nodes are on the path to both /i/ and /j/,
    -- each of those /m/ evaluations are shared between the computation of
    -- the /i/th and /j/th tails.
    --
    -- wasserman.louis@gmail.com, 7/16/09

    tailsDigit :: Digit a -> Digit (Digit a)
    tailsDigit (One a) = One (One a)
    tailsDigit (Two a b) = Two (Two a b) (One b)
    tailsDigit (Three a b c) = Three (Three a b c) (Two b c) (One c)
    tailsDigit (Four a b c d) = Four (Four a b c d) (Three b c d) (Two c d) (One d)

    initsDigit :: Digit a -> Digit (Digit a)
    initsDigit (One a) = One (One a)
    initsDigit (Two a b) = Two (One a) (Two a b)
    initsDigit (Three a b c) = Three (One a) (Two a b) (Three a b c)
    initsDigit (Four a b c d) = Four (One a) (Two a b) (Three a b c) (Four a b c d)

    tailsNode :: Node a -> Node (Digit a)
    tailsNode (Node2 s a b) = Node2 s (Two a b) (One b)
    tailsNode (Node3 s a b c) = Node3 s (Three a b c) (Two b c) (One c)

    initsNode :: Node a -> Node (Digit a)
    initsNode (Node2 s a b) = Node2 s (One a) (Two a b)
    initsNode (Node3 s a b c) = Node3 s (One a) (Two a b) (Three a b c)

    {-# SPECIALIZE tailsTree :: (FingerTree (Elem a) -> Elem b) -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem b) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE tailsTree :: (FingerTree (Node a) -> Node b) -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node b) #-}
    -- | Given a function to apply to tails of a tree, applies that function
    -- to every tail of the specified tree.
    tailsTree :: Sized a => (FingerTree a -> b) -> FingerTree a -> FingerTree b
    tailsTree _ EmptyT = EmptyT
    tailsTree f (Single x) = Single (f (Single x))
    tailsTree f (Deep n pr m sf) =
        Deep n (fmap (\ pr' -> f (deep pr' m sf)) (tailsDigit pr))
            (tailsTree f' m)
            (fmap (f . digitToTree) (tailsDigit sf))
      where
        f' ms = let ConsLTree node m' = viewLTree ms in
            fmap (\ pr' -> f (deep pr' m' sf)) (tailsNode node)

    {-# SPECIALIZE initsTree :: (FingerTree (Elem a) -> Elem b) -> FingerTree (Elem a) -> FingerTree (Elem b) #-}
    {-# SPECIALIZE initsTree :: (FingerTree (Node a) -> Node b) -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree (Node b) #-}
    -- | Given a function to apply to inits of a tree, applies that function
    -- to every init of the specified tree.
    initsTree :: Sized a => (FingerTree a -> b) -> FingerTree a -> FingerTree b
    initsTree _ EmptyT = EmptyT
    initsTree f (Single x) = Single (f (Single x))
    initsTree f (Deep n pr m sf) =
        Deep n (fmap (f . digitToTree) (initsDigit pr))
            (initsTree f' m)
            (fmap (f . deep pr m) (initsDigit sf))
      where
        f' ms =  let SnocRTree m' node = viewRTree ms in
                 fmap (\ sf' -> f (deep pr m' sf')) (initsNode node)

    {-# INLINE foldlWithIndex #-}
    -- | 'foldlWithIndex' is a version of 'foldl' that also provides access
    -- to the index of each element.
    foldlWithIndex :: (b -> Int -> a -> b) -> b -> Seq a -> b
    foldlWithIndex f z xs = foldl (\ g x !i -> f (g (i - 1)) i x) (const z) xs (length xs - 1)

    {-# INLINE foldrWithIndex #-}
    -- | 'foldrWithIndex' is a version of 'foldr' that also provides access
    -- to the index of each element.
    foldrWithIndex :: (Int -> a -> b -> b) -> b -> Seq a -> b
    foldrWithIndex f z xs = foldr (\ x g !i -> f i x (g (i+1))) (const z) xs 0

    {-# INLINE listToMaybe' #-}
    -- 'listToMaybe\'' is a good consumer version of 'listToMaybe'.
    listToMaybe' :: [a] -> Maybe a
    listToMaybe' = foldr (\ x _ -> Just x) Nothing

    -- | /O(i)/ where /i/ is the prefix length.  'takeWhileL', applied
    -- to a predicate @p@ and a sequence @xs@, returns the longest prefix
    -- (possibly empty) of @xs@ of elements that satisfy @p@.
    takeWhileL :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
    takeWhileL p = fst . spanl p

    -- | /O(i)/ where /i/ is the suffix length.  'takeWhileR', applied
    -- to a predicate @p@ and a sequence @xs@, returns the longest suffix
    -- (possibly empty) of @xs@ of elements that satisfy @p@.
    --
    -- @'takeWhileR' p xs@ is equivalent to @'reverse' ('takeWhileL' p ('reverse' xs))@.
    takeWhileR :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
    takeWhileR p = fst . spanr p

    -- | /O(i)/ where /i/ is the prefix length.  @'dropWhileL' p xs@ returns
    -- the suffix remaining after @'takeWhileL' p xs@.
    dropWhileL :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
    dropWhileL p = snd . spanl p

    -- | /O(i)/ where /i/ is the suffix length.  @'dropWhileR' p xs@ returns
    -- the prefix remaining after @'takeWhileR' p xs@.
    --
    -- @'dropWhileR' p xs@ is equivalent to @'reverse' ('dropWhileL' p ('reverse' xs))@.
    dropWhileR :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
    dropWhileR p = snd . spanr p

    -- | /O(i)/ where /i/ is the prefix length.  'spanl', applied to
    -- a predicate @p@ and a sequence @xs@, returns a pair whose first
    -- element is the longest prefix (possibly empty) of @xs@ of elements that
    -- satisfy @p@ and the second element is the remainder of the sequence.
    spanl :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
    spanl p = breakl (not . p)

    -- | /O(i)/ where /i/ is the suffix length.  'spanr', applied to a
    -- predicate @p@ and a sequence @xs@, returns a pair whose /first/ element
    -- is the longest /suffix/ (possibly empty) of @xs@ of elements that
    -- satisfy @p@ and the second element is the remainder of the sequence.
    spanr :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
    spanr p = breakr (not . p)

    {-# INLINE breakl #-}
    -- | /O(i)/ where /i/ is the breakpoint index.  'breakl', applied to a
    -- predicate @p@ and a sequence @xs@, returns a pair whose first element
    -- is the longest prefix (possibly empty) of @xs@ of elements that
    -- /do not satisfy/ @p@ and the second element is the remainder of
    -- the sequence.
    --
    -- @'breakl' p@ is equivalent to @'spanl' (not . p)@.
    breakl :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
    breakl p xs = foldr (\ i _ -> splitAt i xs) (xs, empty) (findIndicesL p xs)

    {-# INLINE breakr #-}
    -- | @'breakr' p@ is equivalent to @'spanr' (not . p)@.
    breakr :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
    breakr p xs = foldr (\ i _ -> flipPair (splitAt (i + 1) xs)) (xs, empty) (findIndicesR p xs)
      where flipPair (x, y) = (y, x)

    -- | /O(n)/.  The 'partition' function takes a predicate @p@ and a
    -- sequence @xs@ and returns sequences of those elements which do and
    -- do not satisfy the predicate.
    partition :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> (Seq a, Seq a)
    partition p = toPair . foldl' part (empty :*: empty)
      where
        part (xs :*: ys) x
          | p x         = (xs `snoc'` x) :*: ys
          | otherwise   = xs :*: (ys `snoc'` x)

    -- | /O(n)/.  The 'filter' function takes a predicate @p@ and a sequence
    -- @xs@ and returns a sequence of those elements which satisfy the
    -- predicate.
    filter :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Seq a
    filter p = foldl' (\ xs x -> if p x then xs `snoc'` x else xs) empty

    -- Indexing sequences

    -- | 'elemIndexL' finds the leftmost index of the specified element,
    -- if it is present, and otherwise 'Nothing'.
    elemIndexL :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> Maybe Int
    elemIndexL x = findIndexL (x ==)

    -- | 'elemIndexR' finds the rightmost index of the specified element,
    -- if it is present, and otherwise 'Nothing'.
    elemIndexR :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> Maybe Int
    elemIndexR x = findIndexR (x ==)

    -- | 'elemIndicesL' finds the indices of the specified element, from
    -- left to right (i.e. in ascending order).
    elemIndicesL :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> [Int]
    elemIndicesL x = findIndicesL (x ==)

    -- | 'elemIndicesR' finds the indices of the specified element, from
    -- right to left (i.e. in descending order).
    elemIndicesR :: Eq a => a -> Seq a -> [Int]
    elemIndicesR x = findIndicesR (x ==)

    -- | @'findIndexL' p xs@ finds the index of the leftmost element that
    -- satisfies @p@, if any exist.
    findIndexL :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Maybe Int
    findIndexL p = listToMaybe' . findIndicesL p

    -- | @'findIndexR' p xs@ finds the index of the rightmost element that
    -- satisfies @p@, if any exist.
    findIndexR :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> Maybe Int
    findIndexR p = listToMaybe' . findIndicesR p

    {-# INLINE findIndicesL #-}
    -- | @'findIndicesL' p@ finds all indices of elements that satisfy @p@,
    -- in ascending order.
    findIndicesL :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> [Int]
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
    findIndicesL p xs = build (\ c n -> let g i x z = if p x then c i z else z in
                    foldrWithIndex g n xs)
    #else
    findIndicesL p xs = foldrWithIndex g [] xs
      where g i x is = if p x then i:is else is
    #endif

    {-# INLINE findIndicesR #-}
    -- | @'findIndicesR' p@ finds all indices of elements that satisfy @p@,
    -- in descending order.
    findIndicesR :: (a -> Bool) -> Seq a -> [Int]
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
    findIndicesR p xs = build (\ c n ->
        let g z i x = if p x then c i z else z in foldlWithIndex g n xs)
    #else
    findIndicesR p xs = foldlWithIndex g [] xs
      where g is i x = if p x then i:is else is
    #endif

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Lists
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    -- The implementation below is based on an idea by Ross Paterson and
    -- implemented by Lennart Spitzner. It avoids the rebuilding the original
    -- (|>)-based implementation suffered from. It also avoids the excessive pair
    -- allocations Paterson's implementation suffered from.
    --
    -- David Feuer suggested building in nine-element chunks, which reduces
    -- intermediate conses from around (1/2)*n to around (1/8)*n with a concomitant
    -- improvement in benchmark constant factors. In fact, it should be even
    -- better to work in chunks of 27 `Elem`s and chunks of three `Node`s, rather
    -- than nine of each, but it seems hard to avoid a code explosion with
    -- such large chunks.
    --
    -- Paterson's code can be seen, for example, in
    -- https://github.com/haskell/containers/blob/74034b3244fa4817c7bef1202e639b887a975d9e/Data/Sequence.hs#L3532
    --
    -- Given a list
    --
    -- [1..302]
    --
    -- the original code forms Three 1 2 3 | [node3 4 5 6, node3 7 8 9, node3 10 11
    -- 12, ...] | Two 301 302
    --
    -- Then it recurses on the middle list. The middle lists become successively
    -- shorter as their elements become successively deeper nodes.
    --
    -- The original implementation of the list shortener, getNodes, included the
    -- recursive step

    --     getNodes s x1 (x2:x3:x4:xs) = (Node3 s x1 x2 x3:ns, d)
    --            where (ns, d) = getNodes s x4 xs

    -- This allocates a cons and a lazy pair at each 3-element step. It relies on
    -- the Haskell implementation using Wadler's technique, described in "Fixing
    -- some space leaks with a garbage collector"
    -- http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/wadler/papers/leak/leak.ps.gz, to repeatedly
    -- simplify the `d` thunk. Although GHC uses this GC trick, heap profiling at
    -- least appears to indicate that the pair constructors and conses build up
    -- with this implementation.
    --
    -- Spitzner's implementation uses a similar approach, but replaces the middle
    -- list, in each level, with a customized stream type that finishes off with
    -- the final digit in that level and (since it works in nines) in the one
    -- above. To work around the nested tree structure, the overall computation is
    -- structured using continuation-passing style, with a function that, at the
    -- bottom of the tree, deals with a stream that terminates in a nested-pair
    -- representation of the entire right side of the tree. Perhaps someone will
    -- eventually find a less mind-bending way to accomplish this.

    -- | /O(n)/. Create a sequence from a finite list of elements.
    -- There is a function 'toList' in the opposite direction for all
    -- instances of the 'Foldable' class, including 'Seq'.
    fromList        :: [a] -> Seq a
    -- Note: we can avoid map_elem if we wish by scattering
    -- Elem applications throughout mkTreeE and getNodesE, but
    -- it gets a bit hard to read.
    fromList = Seq . mkTree . map_elem
      where
    #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
        mkTree :: forall a' . [Elem a'] -> FingerTree (Elem a')
    #else
        mkTree :: [Elem a] -> FingerTree (Elem a)
    #endif
        mkTree [] = EmptyT
        mkTree [x1] = Single x1
        mkTree [x1, x2] = Deep 2 (One x1) EmptyT (One x2)
        mkTree [x1, x2, x3] = Deep 3 (Two x1 x2) EmptyT (One x3)
        mkTree [x1, x2, x3, x4] = Deep 4 (Two x1 x2) EmptyT (Two x3 x4)
        mkTree [x1, x2, x3, x4, x5] = Deep 5 (Three x1 x2 x3) EmptyT (Two x4 x5)
        mkTree [x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6] =
          Deep 6 (Three x1 x2 x3) EmptyT (Three x4 x5 x6)
        mkTree [x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7] =
          Deep 7 (Two x1 x2) (Single (Node3 3 x3 x4 x5)) (Two x6 x7)
        mkTree [x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8] =
          Deep 8 (Three x1 x2 x3) (Single (Node3 3 x4 x5 x6)) (Two x7 x8)
        mkTree [x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8, x9] =
          Deep 9 (Three x1 x2 x3) (Single (Node3 3 x4 x5 x6)) (Three x7 x8 x9)
        mkTree [x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8, y0, y1] =
          Deep 10 (Two x1 x2)
                  (Deep 6 (One (Node3 3 x3 x4 x5)) EmptyT (One (Node3 3 x6 x7 x8)))
                  (Two y0 y1)
        mkTree [x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8, x9, y0, y1] =
          Deep 11 (Three x1 x2 x3)
                  (Deep 6 (One (Node3 3 x4 x5 x6)) EmptyT (One (Node3 3 x7 x8 x9)))
                  (Two y0 y1)
        mkTree [x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8, x9, y0, y1, y2] =
          Deep 12 (Three x1 x2 x3)
                  (Deep 6 (One (Node3 3 x4 x5 x6)) EmptyT (One (Node3 3 x7 x8 x9)))
                  (Three y0 y1 y2)
        mkTree [x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8, y0, y1, y2, y3, y4] =
          Deep 13 (Two x1 x2)
                  (Deep 9 (Two (Node3 3 x3 x4 x5) (Node3 3 x6 x7 x8)) EmptyT (One (Node3 3 y0 y1 y2)))
                  (Two y3 y4)
        mkTree [x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8, x9, y0, y1, y2, y3, y4] =
          Deep 14 (Three x1 x2 x3)
                  (Deep 9 (Two (Node3 3 x4 x5 x6) (Node3 3 x7 x8 x9)) EmptyT (One (Node3 3 y0 y1 y2)))
                  (Two y3 y4)
        mkTree [x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8, x9, y0, y1, y2, y3, y4, y5] =
          Deep 15 (Three x1 x2 x3)
                  (Deep 9 (Two (Node3 3 x4 x5 x6) (Node3 3 x7 x8 x9)) EmptyT (One (Node3 3 y0 y1 y2)))
                  (Three y3 y4 y5)
        mkTree (x1:x2:x3:x4:x5:x6:x7:x8:x9:y0:y1:y2:y3:y4:y5:y6:xs) =
            mkTreeC cont 9 (getNodes 3 (Node3 3 y3 y4 y5) y6 xs)
          where
            d2 = Three x1 x2 x3
            d1 = Three (Node3 3 x4 x5 x6) (Node3 3 x7 x8 x9) (Node3 3 y0 y1 y2)
    #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
            cont :: (Digit (Node (Elem a')), Digit (Elem a')) -> FingerTree (Node (Node (Elem a'))) -> FingerTree (Elem a')
    #endif
            cont (!r1, !r2) !sub =
              let !sub1 = Deep (9 + size r1 + size sub) d1 sub r1
              in Deep (3 + size r2 + size sub1) d2 sub1 r2

        getNodes :: forall a . Int
                 -> Node a
                 -> a
                 -> [a]
                 -> ListFinal (Node (Node a)) (Digit (Node a), Digit a)
        getNodes !_ n1 x1 [] = LFinal (One n1, One x1)
        getNodes _ n1 x1 [x2] = LFinal (One n1, Two x1 x2)
        getNodes _ n1 x1 [x2, x3] = LFinal (One n1, Three x1 x2 x3)
        getNodes s n1 x1 [x2, x3, x4] = LFinal (Two n1 (Node3 s x1 x2 x3), One x4)
        getNodes s n1 x1 [x2, x3, x4, x5] = LFinal (Two n1 (Node3 s x1 x2 x3), Two x4 x5)
        getNodes s n1 x1 [x2, x3, x4, x5, x6] = LFinal (Two n1 (Node3 s x1 x2 x3), Three x4 x5 x6)
        getNodes s n1 x1 [x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7] = LFinal (Three n1 (Node3 s x1 x2 x3) (Node3 s x4 x5 x6), One x7)
        getNodes s n1 x1 [x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8] = LFinal (Three n1 (Node3 s x1 x2 x3) (Node3 s x4 x5 x6), Two x7 x8)
        getNodes s n1 x1 [x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, x8, x9] = LFinal (Three n1 (Node3 s x1 x2 x3) (Node3 s x4 x5 x6), Three x7 x8 x9)
        getNodes s n1 x1 (x2:x3:x4:x5:x6:x7:x8:x9:x10:xs) = LCons n10 (getNodes s (Node3 s x7 x8 x9) x10 xs)
          where !n2 = Node3 s x1 x2 x3
                !n3 = Node3 s x4 x5 x6
                !n10 = Node3 (3*s) n1 n2 n3

        mkTreeC ::
    #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
                   forall a b c .
    #endif
                   (b -> FingerTree (Node a) -> c)
                -> Int
                -> ListFinal (Node a) b
                -> c
        mkTreeC cont !_ (LFinal b) =
          cont b EmptyT
        mkTreeC cont _ (LCons x1 (LFinal b)) =
          cont b (Single x1)
        mkTreeC cont s (LCons x1 (LCons x2 (LFinal b))) =
          cont b (Deep (2*s) (One x1) EmptyT (One x2))
        mkTreeC cont s (LCons x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LFinal b)))) =
          cont b (Deep (3*s) (Two x1 x2) EmptyT (One x3))
        mkTreeC cont s (LCons x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LCons x4 (LFinal b))))) =
          cont b (Deep (4*s) (Two x1 x2) EmptyT (Two x3 x4))
        mkTreeC cont s (LCons x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LCons x4 (LCons x5 (LFinal b)))))) =
          cont b (Deep (5*s) (Three x1 x2 x3) EmptyT (Two x4 x5))
        mkTreeC cont s (LCons x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LCons x4 (LCons x5 (LCons x6 (LFinal b))))))) =
          cont b (Deep (6*s) (Three x1 x2 x3) EmptyT (Three x4 x5 x6))
        mkTreeC cont s (LCons x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LCons x4 (LCons x5 (LCons x6 (LCons x7 (LFinal b)))))))) =
          cont b (Deep (7*s) (Two x1 x2) (Single (Node3 (3*s) x3 x4 x5)) (Two x6 x7))
        mkTreeC cont s (LCons x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LCons x4 (LCons x5 (LCons x6 (LCons x7 (LCons x8 (LFinal b))))))))) =
          cont b (Deep (8*s) (Three x1 x2 x3) (Single (Node3 (3*s) x4 x5 x6)) (Two x7 x8))
        mkTreeC cont s (LCons x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LCons x4 (LCons x5 (LCons x6 (LCons x7 (LCons x8 (LCons x9 (LFinal b)))))))))) =
          cont b (Deep (9*s) (Three x1 x2 x3) (Single (Node3 (3*s) x4 x5 x6)) (Three x7 x8 x9))
        mkTreeC cont s (LCons x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LCons x4 (LCons x5 (LCons x6 (LCons x7 (LCons x8 (LCons y0 (LCons y1 (LFinal b))))))))))) =
          cont b (Deep (10*s) (Two x1 x2) (Deep (6*s) (One (Node3 (3*s) x3 x4 x5)) EmptyT (One (Node3 (3*s) x6 x7 x8))) (Two y0 y1))
        mkTreeC cont s (LCons x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LCons x4 (LCons x5 (LCons x6 (LCons x7 (LCons x8 (LCons x9 (LCons y0 (LCons y1 (LFinal b)))))))))))) =
          cont b (Deep (11*s) (Three x1 x2 x3) (Deep (6*s) (One (Node3 (3*s) x4 x5 x6)) EmptyT (One (Node3 (3*s) x7 x8 x9))) (Two y0 y1))
        mkTreeC cont s (LCons x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LCons x4 (LCons x5 (LCons x6 (LCons x7 (LCons x8 (LCons x9 (LCons y0 (LCons y1 (LCons y2 (LFinal b))))))))))))) =
          cont b (Deep (12*s) (Three x1 x2 x3) (Deep (6*s) (One (Node3 (3*s) x4 x5 x6)) EmptyT (One (Node3 (3*s) x7 x8 x9))) (Three y0 y1 y2))
        mkTreeC cont s (LCons x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LCons x4 (LCons x5 (LCons x6 (LCons x7 (LCons x8 (LCons y0 (LCons y1 (LCons y2 (LCons y3 (LCons y4 (LFinal b)))))))))))))) =
          cont b (Deep (13*s) (Two x1 x2) (Deep (9*s) (Two (Node3 (3*s) x3 x4 x5) (Node3 (3*s) x6 x7 x8)) EmptyT (One (Node3 (3*s) y0 y1 y2))) (Two y3 y4))
        mkTreeC cont s (LCons x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LCons x4 (LCons x5 (LCons x6 (LCons x7 (LCons x8 (LCons x9 (LCons y0 (LCons y1 (LCons y2 (LCons y3 (LCons y4 (LFinal b))))))))))))))) =
          cont b (Deep (14*s) (Three x1 x2 x3) (Deep (9*s) (Two (Node3 (3*s) x4 x5 x6) (Node3 (3*s) x7 x8 x9)) EmptyT (One (Node3 (3*s) y0 y1 y2))) (Two y3 y4))
        mkTreeC cont s (LCons x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LCons x4 (LCons x5 (LCons x6 (LCons x7 (LCons x8 (LCons x9 (LCons y0 (LCons y1 (LCons y2 (LCons y3 (LCons y4 (LCons y5 (LFinal b)))))))))))))))) =
          cont b (Deep (15*s) (Three x1 x2 x3) (Deep (9*s) (Two (Node3 (3*s) x4 x5 x6) (Node3 (3*s) x7 x8 x9)) EmptyT (One (Node3 (3*s) y0 y1 y2))) (Three y3 y4 y5))
        mkTreeC cont s (LCons x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LCons x4 (LCons x5 (LCons x6 (LCons x7 (LCons x8 (LCons x9 (LCons y0 (LCons y1 (LCons y2 (LCons y3 (LCons y4 (LCons y5 (LCons y6 xs)))))))))))))))) =
          mkTreeC cont2 (9*s) (getNodesC (3*s) (Node3 (3*s) y3 y4 y5) y6 xs)
          where
    #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
            cont2 :: (b, Digit (Node (Node a)), Digit (Node a)) -> FingerTree (Node (Node (Node a))) -> c
    #endif
            cont2 (b, r1, r2) !sub =
              let d2 = Three x1 x2 x3
                  d1 = Three (Node3 (3*s) x4 x5 x6) (Node3 (3*s) x7 x8 x9) (Node3 (3*s) y0 y1 y2)
                  !sub1 = Deep (9*s + size r1 + size sub) d1 sub r1
              in cont b $! Deep (3*s + size r2 + size sub1) d2 sub1 r2

        getNodesC :: Int
                  -> Node a
                  -> a
                  -> ListFinal a b
                  -> ListFinal (Node (Node a)) (b, Digit (Node a), Digit a)
        getNodesC !_ n1 x1 (LFinal b) = LFinal $ (b, One n1, One x1)
        getNodesC _  n1  x1 (LCons x2 (LFinal b)) = LFinal $ (b, One n1, Two x1 x2)
        getNodesC _  n1  x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LFinal b))) = LFinal $ (b, One n1, Three x1 x2 x3)
        getNodesC s  n1  x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LCons x4 (LFinal b)))) =
          let !n2 = Node3 s x1 x2 x3
          in LFinal $ (b, Two n1 n2, One x4)
        getNodesC s  n1  x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LCons x4 (LCons x5 (LFinal b))))) =
          let !n2 = Node3 s x1 x2 x3
          in LFinal $ (b, Two n1 n2, Two x4 x5)
        getNodesC s  n1  x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LCons x4 (LCons x5 (LCons x6 (LFinal b)))))) =
          let !n2 = Node3 s x1 x2 x3
          in LFinal $ (b, Two n1 n2, Three x4 x5 x6)
        getNodesC s  n1  x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LCons x4 (LCons x5 (LCons x6 (LCons x7 (LFinal b))))))) =
          let !n2 = Node3 s x1 x2 x3
              !n3 = Node3 s x4 x5 x6
          in LFinal $ (b, Three n1 n2 n3, One x7)
        getNodesC s  n1  x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LCons x4 (LCons x5 (LCons x6 (LCons x7 (LCons x8 (LFinal b)))))))) =
          let !n2 = Node3 s x1 x2 x3
              !n3 = Node3 s x4 x5 x6
          in LFinal $ (b, Three n1 n2 n3, Two x7 x8)
        getNodesC s  n1  x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LCons x4 (LCons x5 (LCons x6 (LCons x7 (LCons x8 (LCons x9 (LFinal b))))))))) =
          let !n2 = Node3 s x1 x2 x3
              !n3 = Node3 s x4 x5 x6
          in LFinal $ (b, Three n1 n2 n3, Three x7 x8 x9)
        getNodesC s  n1  x1 (LCons x2 (LCons x3 (LCons x4 (LCons x5 (LCons x6 (LCons x7 (LCons x8 (LCons x9 (LCons x10 xs))))))))) =
            LCons n10 $ getNodesC s (Node3 s x7 x8 x9) x10 xs
          where !n2 = Node3 s x1 x2 x3
                !n3 = Node3 s x4 x5 x6
                !n10 = Node3 (3*s) n1 n2 n3

        map_elem :: [a] -> [Elem a]
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 708
        map_elem xs = coerce xs
    #else
        map_elem xs = Data.List.map Elem xs
    #endif
        {-# INLINE map_elem #-}

    -- essentially: Free ((,) a) b.
    data ListFinal a cont = LFinal !cont | LCons !a (ListFinal a cont)

    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 708
    instance GHC.Exts.IsList (Seq a) where
        type Item (Seq a) = a
        fromList = fromList
        fromListN = fromList2
        toList = toList
    #endif

    #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
    instance IsString (Seq Char) where
        fromString = fromList
    #endif

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Reverse
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    -- | /O(n)/. The reverse of a sequence.
    reverse :: Seq a -> Seq a
    reverse (Seq xs) = Seq (fmapReverseTree id xs)

    #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
    {-# NOINLINE [1] reverse #-}

    -- | /O(n)/. Reverse a sequence while mapping over it. This is not
    -- currently exported, but is used in rewrite rules.
    fmapReverse :: (a -> b) -> Seq a -> Seq b
    fmapReverse f (Seq xs) = Seq (fmapReverseTree (lift_elem f) xs)
      where
        lift_elem :: (a -> b) -> (Elem a -> Elem b)
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 708
        lift_elem = coerce
    #else
        lift_elem g (Elem a) = Elem (g a)
    #endif

    -- If we're mapping over a sequence, we can reverse it at the same time
    -- at no extra charge.
    {-# RULES
    "fmapSeq/reverse" forall f xs . fmapSeq f (reverse xs) = fmapReverse f xs
    "reverse/fmapSeq" forall f xs . reverse (fmapSeq f xs) = fmapReverse f xs
     #-}
    #endif

    fmapReverseTree :: (a -> b) -> FingerTree a -> FingerTree b
    fmapReverseTree _ EmptyT = EmptyT
    fmapReverseTree f (Single x) = Single (f x)
    fmapReverseTree f (Deep s pr m sf) =
        Deep s (reverseDigit f sf)
            (fmapReverseTree (reverseNode f) m)
            (reverseDigit f pr)

    {-# INLINE reverseDigit #-}
    reverseDigit :: (a -> b) -> Digit a -> Digit b
    reverseDigit f (One a) = One (f a)
    reverseDigit f (Two a b) = Two (f b) (f a)
    reverseDigit f (Three a b c) = Three (f c) (f b) (f a)
    reverseDigit f (Four a b c d) = Four (f d) (f c) (f b) (f a)

    reverseNode :: (a -> b) -> Node a -> Node b
    reverseNode f (Node2 s a b) = Node2 s (f b) (f a)
    reverseNode f (Node3 s a b c) = Node3 s (f c) (f b) (f a)

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Mapping with a splittable value
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    -- For zipping, it is useful to build a result by
    -- traversing a sequence while splitting up something else.  For zipping, we
    -- traverse the first sequence while splitting up the second.
    --
    -- What makes all this crazy code a good idea:
    --
    -- Suppose we zip together two sequences of the same length:
    --
    -- zs = zip xs ys
    --
    -- We want to get reasonably fast indexing into zs immediately, rather than
    -- needing to construct the entire thing first, as the previous implementation
    -- required. The first aspect is that we build the result "outside-in" or
    -- "top-down", rather than left to right. That gives us access to both ends
    -- quickly. But that's not enough, by itself, to give immediate access to the
    -- center of zs. For that, we need to be able to skip over larger segments of
    -- zs, delaying their construction until we actually need them. The way we do
    -- this is to traverse xs, while splitting up ys according to the structure of
    -- xs. If we have a Deep _ pr m sf, we split ys into three pieces, and hand off
    -- one piece to the prefix, one to the middle, and one to the suffix of the
    -- result. The key point is that we don't need to actually do anything further
    -- with those pieces until we actually need them; the computations to split
    -- them up further and zip them with their matching pieces can be delayed until
    -- they're actually needed. We do the same thing for Digits (splitting into
    -- between one and four pieces) and Nodes (splitting into two or three). The
    -- ultimate result is that we can index into, or split at, any location in zs
    -- in polylogarithmic time *immediately*, while still being able to force all
    -- the thunks in O(n) time.
    --
    -- Benchmark info, and alternatives:
    --
    -- The old zipping code used mapAccumL to traverse the first sequence while
    -- cutting down the second sequence one piece at a time.
    --
    -- An alternative way to express that basic idea is to convert both sequences
    -- to lists, zip the lists, and then convert the result back to a sequence.
    -- I'll call this the "listy" implementation.
    --
    -- I benchmarked two operations: Each started by zipping two sequences
    -- constructed with replicate and/or fromList. The first would then immediately
    -- index into the result. The second would apply deepseq to force the entire
    -- result.  The new implementation worked much better than either of the others
    -- on the immediate indexing test, as expected. It also worked better than the
    -- old implementation for all the deepseq tests. For short sequences, the listy
    -- implementation outperformed all the others on the deepseq test. However, the
    -- splitting implementation caught up and surpassed it once the sequences grew
    -- long enough. It seems likely that by avoiding rebuilding, it interacts
    -- better with the cache hierarchy.
    --
    -- David Feuer, with some guidance from Carter Schonwald, December 2014

    -- | /O(n)/. Constructs a new sequence with the same structure as an existing
    -- sequence using a user-supplied mapping function along with a splittable
    -- value and a way to split it. The value is split up lazily according to the
    -- structure of the sequence, so one piece of the value is distributed to each
    -- element of the sequence. The caller should provide a splitter function that
    -- takes a number, @n@, and a splittable value, breaks off a chunk of size @n@
    -- from the value, and returns that chunk and the remainder as a pair. The
    -- following examples will hopefully make the usage clear:
    --
    -- > zipWith :: (a -> b -> c) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c
    -- > zipWith f s1 s2 = splitMap splitAt (\b a -> f a (b `index` 0)) s2' s1'
    -- >   where
    -- >     minLen = min (length s1) (length s2)
    -- >     s1' = take minLen s1
    -- >     s2' = take minLen s2
    --
    -- > mapWithIndex :: (Int -> a -> b) -> Seq a -> Seq b
    -- > mapWithIndex f = splitMap (\n i -> (i, n+i)) f 0
    #ifdef __GLASGOW_HASKELL__
    -- We use ScopedTypeVariables to improve performance and make
    -- performance less sensitive to minor changes.

    -- We INLINE this so GHC can see that the function passed in is
    -- strict in its Int argument.
    {-# INLINE splitMap #-}
    splitMap :: forall s a' b' . (Int -> s -> (s,s)) -> (s -> a' -> b') -> s -> Seq a' -> Seq b'
    splitMap splt f0 s0 (Seq xs0) = Seq $ splitMapTreeE (\s' (Elem a) -> Elem (f0 s' a)) s0 xs0
      where
        {-# INLINE splitMapTreeE #-}
        splitMapTreeE :: (s -> Elem y -> b) -> s -> FingerTree (Elem y) -> FingerTree b
        splitMapTreeE  _ _ EmptyT = EmptyT
        splitMapTreeE  f s (Single xs) = Single $ f s xs
        splitMapTreeE  f s (Deep n pr m sf) = Deep n (splitMapDigit f prs pr) (splitMapTreeN (\eta1 eta2 -> splitMapNode f eta1 eta2) ms m) (splitMapDigit f sfs sf)
              where
                !spr = size pr
                !sm = n - spr - size sf
                (prs, r) = splt spr s
                (ms, sfs) = splt sm r

        splitMapTreeN :: (s -> Node a -> b) -> s -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree b
        splitMapTreeN _ _ EmptyT = EmptyT
        splitMapTreeN f s (Single xs) = Single $ f s xs
        splitMapTreeN f s (Deep n pr m sf) = Deep n (splitMapDigit f prs pr) (splitMapTreeN (\eta1 eta2 -> splitMapNode f eta1 eta2) ms m) (splitMapDigit f sfs sf)
              where
                (prs, r) = splt (size pr) s
                (ms, sfs) = splt (size m) r

        {-# INLINE splitMapDigit #-}
        splitMapDigit :: Sized a => (s -> a -> b) -> s -> Digit a -> Digit b
        splitMapDigit f s (One a) = One (f s a)
        splitMapDigit f s (Two a b) = Two (f first a) (f second b)
          where
            (first, second) = splt (size a) s
        splitMapDigit f s (Three a b c) = Three (f first a) (f second b) (f third c)
          where
            (first, r) = splt (size a) s
            (second, third) = splt (size b) r
        splitMapDigit f s (Four a b c d) = Four (f first a) (f second b) (f third c) (f fourth d)
          where
            (first, s') = splt (size a) s
            (middle, fourth) = splt (size b + size c) s'
            (second, third) = splt (size b) middle

        {-# INLINE splitMapNode #-}
        splitMapNode :: Sized a => (s -> a -> b) -> s -> Node a -> Node b
        splitMapNode f s (Node2 ns a b) = Node2 ns (f first a) (f second b)
          where
            (first, second) = splt (size a) s
        splitMapNode f s (Node3 ns a b c) = Node3 ns (f first a) (f second b) (f third c)
          where
            (first, r) = splt (size a) s
            (second, third) = splt (size b) r

    #else
    -- Implementation without ScopedTypeVariables--somewhat slower,
    -- and much more sensitive to minor changes in various places.

    {-# INLINE splitMap #-}
    splitMap :: (Int -> s -> (s,s)) -> (s -> a -> b) -> s -> Seq a -> Seq b
    splitMap splt' f0 s0 (Seq xs0) = Seq $ splitMapTreeE splt' (\s' (Elem a) -> Elem (f0 s' a)) s0 xs0

    {-# INLINE splitMapTreeE #-}
    splitMapTreeE :: (Int -> s -> (s,s)) -> (s -> Elem y -> b) -> s -> FingerTree (Elem y) -> FingerTree b
    splitMapTreeE _    _ _ EmptyT = EmptyT
    splitMapTreeE _    f s (Single xs) = Single $ f s xs
    splitMapTreeE splt f s (Deep n pr m sf) = Deep n (splitMapDigit splt f prs pr) (splitMapTreeN splt (\eta1 eta2 -> splitMapNode splt f eta1 eta2) ms m) (splitMapDigit splt f sfs sf)
          where
            !spr = size pr
            sm = n - spr - size sf
            (prs, r) = splt spr s
            (ms, sfs) = splt sm r

    splitMapTreeN :: (Int -> s -> (s,s)) -> (s -> Node a -> b) -> s -> FingerTree (Node a) -> FingerTree b
    splitMapTreeN _    _ _ EmptyT = EmptyT
    splitMapTreeN _    f s (Single xs) = Single $ f s xs
    splitMapTreeN splt f s (Deep n pr m sf) = Deep n (splitMapDigit splt f prs pr) (splitMapTreeN splt (\eta1 eta2 -> splitMapNode splt f eta1 eta2) ms m) (splitMapDigit splt f sfs sf)
          where
            (prs, r) = splt (size pr) s
            (ms, sfs) = splt (size m) r

    {-# INLINE splitMapDigit #-}
    splitMapDigit :: Sized a => (Int -> s -> (s,s)) -> (s -> a -> b) -> s -> Digit a -> Digit b
    splitMapDigit _    f s (One a) = One (f s a)
    splitMapDigit splt f s (Two a b) = Two (f first a) (f second b)
      where
        (first, second) = splt (size a) s
    splitMapDigit splt f s (Three a b c) = Three (f first a) (f second b) (f third c)
      where
        (first, r) = splt (size a) s
        (second, third) = splt (size b) r
    splitMapDigit splt f s (Four a b c d) = Four (f first a) (f second b) (f third c) (f fourth d)
      where
        (first, s') = splt (size a) s
        (middle, fourth) = splt (size b + size c) s'
        (second, third) = splt (size b) middle

    {-# INLINE splitMapNode #-}
    splitMapNode :: Sized a => (Int -> s -> (s,s)) -> (s -> a -> b) -> s -> Node a -> Node b
    splitMapNode splt f s (Node2 ns a b) = Node2 ns (f first a) (f second b)
      where
        (first, second) = splt (size a) s
    splitMapNode splt f s (Node3 ns a b c) = Node3 ns (f first a) (f second b) (f third c)
      where
        (first, r) = splt (size a) s
        (second, third) = splt (size b) r
    #endif

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Zipping
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    -- MonadZip appeared in base 4.4.0
    #if MIN_VERSION_base(4,4,0)
    -- We use a custom definition of munzip to *try* to avoid retaining
    -- memory longer than necessary. Using the default definition, if
    -- we write
    --
    -- let (xs,ys) = munzip zs
    -- in xs `deepseq` (... ys ...)
    --
    -- then ys will retain the entire zs sequence until ys itself is fully
    -- forced. This implementation attempts to use the selector thunk
    -- optimization to prevent that. Unfortunately, that optimization is
    -- fragile, so we can't actually guarantee anything. If someone finds
    -- a leak, we can try to throw explicit bindings and NOINLINE pragmas
    -- around and see if that fixes it.
    instance MonadZip Seq where
      mzipWith = zipWith
      munzip = unzipWith id

    class UnzipWith f where
      unzipWith :: (x -> (a, b)) -> f x -> (f a, f b)

    instance UnzipWith Elem where
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 708
      unzipWith = coerce
    #else
      unzipWith f (Elem a) = case f a of (x, y) -> (Elem x, Elem y)
    #endif

    -- We're super-lazy here for the sake of efficiency. We want to be able to
    -- reach any element of either result in logarithmic time. If we pattern
    -- match strictly, we'll end up building entire 2-3 trees at once, which
    -- would take linear time.
    instance UnzipWith Node where
      unzipWith f (Node2 s x y) =
        case (f x, f y) of
          (~(x1, x2), ~(y1, y2)) -> (Node2 s x1 y1, Node2 s x2 y2)
      unzipWith f (Node3 s x y z) =
        case (f x, f y, f z) of
          (~(x1, x2), ~(y1, y2), ~(z1, z2)) -> (Node3 s x1 y1 z1, Node3 s x2 y2 z2)

    -- We're strict here for the sake of efficiency. The Node instance
    -- is lazy, so we don't particularly need to add an extra thunk on top
    -- of each node. See the note at the Seq instance for an explanation
    -- of why the Digit (Elem a) case is handled specially.
    instance UnzipWith Digit where
      unzipWith f (One x) =
        case f x of
          (x1, x2) -> (One x1, One x2)
      unzipWith f (Two x y) =
        case (f x, f y) of
          ((x1, x2), (y1, y2)) -> (Two x1 y1, Two x2 y2)
      unzipWith f (Three x y z) =
        case (f x, f y, f z) of
          ((x1, x2), (y1, y2), (z1, z2)) -> (Three x1 y1 z1, Three x2 y2 z2)
      unzipWith f (Four x y z w) =
        case (f x, f y, f z, f w) of
          ((x1, x2), (y1, y2), (z1, z2), (w1, w2)) -> (Four x1 y1 z1 w1, Four x2 y2 z2 w2)

    instance UnzipWith FingerTree where
      unzipWith _ EmptyT = (EmptyT, EmptyT)
      unzipWith f (Single x) = case f x of
        (x1, x2) -> (Single x1, Single x2)
      unzipWith f (Deep s pr m sf) =
        case unzipWith f pr of { (pr1, pr2) ->
        case unzipWith f sf of { (sf1, sf2) ->
        case unzipWith (unzipWith f) m of { ~(m1, m2) ->
          (Deep s pr1 m1 sf1, Deep s pr2 m2 sf2)}}}

    -- We need to handle the top level of the sequence specially, to make unzipping behave
    -- well in the presence of undefined elements. For example, what do we want from
    --
    -- munzip [(1,2), undefined, (5,6)]?
    --
    -- The argument could be represented as
    --
    -- Seq $ Deep 3 (One (Elem (1,2))) EmptyT (Two undefined (Elem (5,6)))
    --
    -- or as
    --
    -- Seq $ Deep 3 (Two (Elem (1,2)) undefined) EmptyT (One (Elem (5,6)))
    --
    -- We don't want the tree balance to determine whether we get
    --
    -- ([1, undefined, undefined], [2, undefined, undefined])
    --
    -- or
    --
    -- ([undefined, undefined, 5], [undefined, undefined, 6])
    --
    -- so we pretty much have to be completely lazy in the elements. We could
    -- do this by adding extra laziness to the Digit instance or to the Elem instance,
    -- but either of those would give unnecessary extra laziness lower in the tree.
    instance UnzipWith Seq where
      unzipWith _f (Seq EmptyT) = (empty, empty)
      unzipWith f (Seq (Single (Elem x))) = case f x of ~(a, b) -> (singleton a, singleton b)
      unzipWith f (Seq (Deep s pr m sf)) =
        case unzipWith (\(Elem x) -> case f x of ~(a, b) -> (Elem a, Elem b)) pr of { (pr1, pr2) ->
        case unzipWith (\(Elem x) -> case f x of ~(a, b) -> (Elem a, Elem b)) sf of { (sf1, sf2) ->
        case unzipWith (unzipWith (unzipWith f)) m of { ~(m1, m2) ->
          (Seq (Deep s pr1 m1 sf1), Seq (Deep s pr2 m2 sf2))}}}
    #endif

    -- | /O(min(n1,n2))/.  'zip' takes two sequences and returns a sequence
    -- of corresponding pairs.  If one input is short, excess elements are
    -- discarded from the right end of the longer sequence.
    zip :: Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq (a, b)
    zip = zipWith (,)

    -- | /O(min(n1,n2))/.  'zipWith' generalizes 'zip' by zipping with the
    -- function given as the first argument, instead of a tupling function.
    -- For example, @zipWith (+)@ is applied to two sequences to take the
    -- sequence of corresponding sums.
    zipWith :: (a -> b -> c) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c
    zipWith f s1 s2 = zipWith' f s1' s2'
      where
        minLen = min (length s1) (length s2)
        s1' = take minLen s1
        s2' = take minLen s2

    -- | A version of zipWith that assumes the sequences have the same length.
    zipWith' :: (a -> b -> c) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c
    zipWith' f s1 s2 = splitMap uncheckedSplitAt goLeaf s2 s1
      where
        goLeaf (Seq (Single (Elem b))) a = f a b
        goLeaf _ _ = error "Data.Sequence.zipWith'.goLeaf internal error: not a singleton"

    -- | /O(min(n1,n2,n3))/.  'zip3' takes three sequences and returns a
    -- sequence of triples, analogous to 'zip'.
    zip3 :: Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq (a,b,c)
    zip3 = zipWith3 (,,)

    -- | /O(min(n1,n2,n3))/.  'zipWith3' takes a function which combines
    -- three elements, as well as three sequences and returns a sequence of
    -- their point-wise combinations, analogous to 'zipWith'.
    zipWith3 :: (a -> b -> c -> d) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq d
    zipWith3 f s1 s2 s3 = zipWith' ($) (zipWith' f s1' s2') s3'
      where
        minLen = minimum [length s1, length s2, length s3]
        s1' = take minLen s1
        s2' = take minLen s2
        s3' = take minLen s3

    zipWith3' :: (a -> b -> c -> d) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq d
    zipWith3' f s1 s2 s3 = zipWith' ($) (zipWith' f s1 s2) s3

    -- | /O(min(n1,n2,n3,n4))/.  'zip4' takes four sequences and returns a
    -- sequence of quadruples, analogous to 'zip'.
    zip4 :: Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq d -> Seq (a,b,c,d)
    zip4 = zipWith4 (,,,)

    -- | /O(min(n1,n2,n3,n4))/.  'zipWith4' takes a function which combines
    -- four elements, as well as four sequences and returns a sequence of
    -- their point-wise combinations, analogous to 'zipWith'.
    zipWith4 :: (a -> b -> c -> d -> e) -> Seq a -> Seq b -> Seq c -> Seq d -> Seq e
    zipWith4 f s1 s2 s3 s4 = zipWith' ($) (zipWith3' f s1' s2' s3') s4'
      where
        minLen = minimum [length s1, length s2, length s3, length s4]
        s1' = take minLen s1
        s2' = take minLen s2
        s3' = take minLen s3
        s4' = take minLen s4

    ------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Sorting
    --
    -- sort and sortBy are implemented by simple deforestations of
    --      \ xs -> fromList2 (length xs) . Data.List.sortBy cmp . toList
    -- which does not get deforested automatically, it would appear.
    --
    -- Unstable sorting is performed by a heap sort implementation based on
    -- pairing heaps.  Because the internal structure of sequences is quite
    -- varied, it is difficult to get blocks of elements of roughly the same
    -- length, which would improve merge sort performance.  Pairing heaps,
    -- on the other hand, are relatively resistant to the effects of merging
    -- heaps of wildly different sizes, as guaranteed by its amortized
    -- constant-time merge operation.  Moreover, extensive use of SpecConstr
    -- transformations can be done on pairing heaps, especially when we're
    -- only constructing them to immediately be unrolled.
    --
    -- On purely random sequences of length 50000, with no RTS options,
    -- I get the following statistics, in which heapsort is about 42.5%
    -- faster:  (all comparisons done with -O2)
    --
    -- Times (ms)            min      mean    +/-sd    median    max
    -- to/from list:       103.802  108.572    7.487  106.436  143.339
    -- unstable heapsort:   60.686   62.968    4.275   61.187   79.151
    --
    -- Heapsort, it would seem, is less of a memory hog than Data.List.sortBy.
    -- The gap is narrowed when more memory is available, but heapsort still
    -- wins, 15% faster, with +RTS -H128m:
    --
    -- Times (ms)            min    mean    +/-sd  median    max
    -- to/from list:       42.692  45.074   2.596  44.600  56.601
    -- unstable heapsort:  37.100  38.344   3.043  37.715  55.526
    --
    -- In addition, on strictly increasing sequences the gap is even wider
    -- than normal; heapsort is 68.5% faster with no RTS options:
    -- Times (ms)            min    mean    +/-sd  median    max
    -- to/from list:       52.236  53.574   1.987  53.034  62.098
    -- unstable heapsort:  16.433  16.919   0.931  16.681  21.622
    --
    -- This may be attributed to the elegant nature of the pairing heap.
    --
    -- wasserman.louis@gmail.com, 7/20/09
    ------------------------------------------------------------------------

    -- | /O(n log n)/.  'sort' sorts the specified 'Seq' by the natural
    -- ordering of its elements.  The sort is stable.
    -- If stability is not required, 'unstableSort' can be considerably
    -- faster, and in particular uses less memory.
    sort :: Ord a => Seq a -> Seq a
    sort = sortBy compare

    -- | /O(n log n)/.  'sortBy' sorts the specified 'Seq' according to the
    -- specified comparator.  The sort is stable.
    -- If stability is not required, 'unstableSortBy' can be considerably
    -- faster, and in particular uses less memory.
    sortBy :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> Seq a -> Seq a
    sortBy cmp xs = fromList2 (length xs) (Data.List.sortBy cmp (toList xs))

    -- | /O(n log n)/.  'unstableSort' sorts the specified 'Seq' by
    -- the natural ordering of its elements, but the sort is not stable.
    -- This algorithm is frequently faster and uses less memory than 'sort',
    -- and performs extremely well -- frequently twice as fast as 'sort' --
    -- when the sequence is already nearly sorted.
    unstableSort :: Ord a => Seq a -> Seq a
    unstableSort = unstableSortBy compare

    -- | /O(n log n)/.  A generalization of 'unstableSort', 'unstableSortBy'
    -- takes an arbitrary comparator and sorts the specified sequence.
    -- The sort is not stable.  This algorithm is frequently faster and
    -- uses less memory than 'sortBy', and performs extremely well --
    -- frequently twice as fast as 'sortBy' -- when the sequence is already
    -- nearly sorted.
    unstableSortBy :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> Seq a -> Seq a
    unstableSortBy cmp (Seq xs) =
        fromList2 (size xs) $ maybe [] (unrollPQ cmp) $
            toPQ cmp (\ (Elem x) -> PQueue x Nil) xs

    -- | fromList2, given a list and its length, constructs a completely
    -- balanced Seq whose elements are that list using the replicateA
    -- generalization.
    fromList2 :: Int -> [a] -> Seq a
    fromList2 n = execState (replicateA n (State ht))
      where
        ht (x:xs) = (xs, x)
        ht []     = error "fromList2: short list"

    -- | A 'PQueue' is a simple pairing heap.
    data PQueue e = PQueue e (PQL e)
    data PQL e = Nil | {-# UNPACK #-} !(PQueue e) :& PQL e

    infixr 8 :&

    #ifdef TESTING

    instance Functor PQueue where
        fmap f (PQueue x ts) = PQueue (f x) (fmap f ts)

    instance Functor PQL where
        fmap f (q :& qs) = fmap f q :& fmap f qs
        fmap _ Nil = Nil

    instance Show e => Show (PQueue e) where
        show = unlines . draw . fmap show

    -- borrowed wholesale from Data.Tree, as Data.Tree actually depends
    -- on Data.Sequence
    draw :: PQueue String -> [String]
    draw (PQueue x ts0) = x : drawSubTrees ts0
      where
        drawSubTrees Nil = []
        drawSubTrees (t :& Nil) =
            "|" : shift "`- " "   " (draw t)
        drawSubTrees (t :& ts) =
            "|" : shift "+- " "|  " (draw t) ++ drawSubTrees ts

        shift first other = Data.List.zipWith (++) (first : repeat other)
    #endif

    -- | 'unrollPQ', given a comparator function, unrolls a 'PQueue' into
    -- a sorted list.
    unrollPQ :: (e -> e -> Ordering) -> PQueue e -> [e]
    unrollPQ cmp = unrollPQ'
      where
        {-# INLINE unrollPQ' #-}
        unrollPQ' (PQueue x ts) = x:mergePQs0 ts
        (<+>) = mergePQ cmp
        mergePQs0 Nil = []
        mergePQs0 (t :& Nil) = unrollPQ' t
        mergePQs0 (t1 :& t2 :& ts) = mergePQs (t1 <+> t2) ts
        mergePQs !t ts = case ts of
            Nil             -> unrollPQ' t
            t1 :& Nil       -> unrollPQ' (t <+> t1)
            t1 :& t2 :& ts' -> mergePQs (t <+> (t1 <+> t2)) ts'

    -- | 'toPQ', given an ordering function and a mechanism for queueifying
    -- elements, converts a 'FingerTree' to a 'PQueue'.
    toPQ :: (e -> e -> Ordering) -> (a -> PQueue e) -> FingerTree a -> Maybe (PQueue e)
    toPQ _ _ EmptyT = Nothing
    toPQ _ f (Single x) = Just (f x)
    toPQ cmp f (Deep _ pr m sf) = Just (maybe (pr' <+> sf') ((pr' <+> sf') <+>) (toPQ cmp fNode m))
      where
        fDigit digit = case fmap f digit of
            One a           -> a
            Two a b         -> a <+> b
            Three a b c     -> a <+> b <+> c
            Four a b c d    -> (a <+> b) <+> (c <+> d)
        (<+>) = mergePQ cmp
        fNode = fDigit . nodeToDigit
        pr' = fDigit pr
        sf' = fDigit sf

    -- | 'mergePQ' merges two 'PQueue's.
    mergePQ :: (a -> a -> Ordering) -> PQueue a -> PQueue a -> PQueue a
    mergePQ cmp q1@(PQueue x1 ts1) q2@(PQueue x2 ts2)
      | cmp x1 x2 == GT     = PQueue x2 (q1 :& ts2)
      | otherwise           = PQueue x1 (q2 :& ts1)