nativeGen/X86/CodeGen.hs

    {-# LANGUAGE CPP, GADTs, NondecreasingIndentation #-}

    -- The default iteration limit is a bit too low for the definitions
    -- in this module.
    #if __GLASGOW_HASKELL__ >= 800
    {-# OPTIONS_GHC -fmax-pmcheck-iterations=10000000 #-}
    #endif

    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    --
    -- Generating machine code (instruction selection)
    --
    -- (c) The University of Glasgow 1996-2004
    --
    -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

    -- This is a big module, but, if you pay attention to
    -- (a) the sectioning, and (b) the type signatures, the
    -- structure should not be too overwhelming.

    module X86.CodeGen (
            cmmTopCodeGen,
            generateJumpTableForInstr,
            extractUnwindPoints,
            InstrBlock
    )

    where

    #include "HsVersions.h"
    #include "nativeGen/NCG.h"
    #include "../includes/MachDeps.h"

    -- NCG stuff:
    import X86.Instr
    import X86.Cond
    import X86.Regs
    import X86.RegInfo
    import CodeGen.Platform
    import CPrim
    import Debug            ( DebugBlock(..), UnwindPoint(..), UnwindTable
                            , UnwindExpr(UwReg), toUnwindExpr )
    import Instruction
    import PIC
    import NCGMonad
    import Format
    import Reg
    import Platform

    -- Our intermediate code:
    import BasicTypes
    import BlockId
    import Module           ( primUnitId )
    import PprCmm           ()
    import CmmUtils
    import CmmSwitch
    import Cmm
    import Hoopl
    import CLabel
    import CoreSyn          ( Tickish(..) )
    import SrcLoc           ( srcSpanFile, srcSpanStartLine, srcSpanStartCol )

    -- The rest:
    import ForeignCall      ( CCallConv(..) )
    import OrdList
    import Outputable
    import Unique
    import FastString
    import DynFlags
    import Util
    import UniqSupply       ( getUniqueM )

    import Control.Monad
    import Data.Bits
    import Data.Foldable (fold)
    import Data.Int
    import Data.Maybe
    import Data.Word

    import qualified Data.Map as M

    is32BitPlatform :: NatM Bool
    is32BitPlatform = do
        dflags <- getDynFlags
        return $ target32Bit (targetPlatform dflags)

    sse2Enabled :: NatM Bool
    sse2Enabled = do
      dflags <- getDynFlags
      return (isSse2Enabled dflags)

    sse4_2Enabled :: NatM Bool
    sse4_2Enabled = do
      dflags <- getDynFlags
      return (isSse4_2Enabled dflags)

    if_sse2 :: NatM a -> NatM a -> NatM a
    if_sse2 sse2 x87 = do
      b <- sse2Enabled
      if b then sse2 else x87

    cmmTopCodeGen
            :: RawCmmDecl
            -> NatM [NatCmmDecl (Alignment, CmmStatics) Instr]

    cmmTopCodeGen (CmmProc info lab live graph) = do
      let blocks = toBlockListEntryFirst graph
      (nat_blocks,statics) <- mapAndUnzipM basicBlockCodeGen blocks
      picBaseMb <- getPicBaseMaybeNat
      dflags <- getDynFlags
      let proc = CmmProc info lab live (ListGraph $ concat nat_blocks)
          tops = proc : concat statics
          os   = platformOS $ targetPlatform dflags

      case picBaseMb of
          Just picBase -> initializePicBase_x86 ArchX86 os picBase tops
          Nothing -> return tops

    cmmTopCodeGen (CmmData sec dat) = do
      return [CmmData sec (1, dat)]  -- no translation, we just use CmmStatic

    basicBlockCodeGen
            :: CmmBlock
            -> NatM ( [NatBasicBlock Instr]
                    , [NatCmmDecl (Alignment, CmmStatics) Instr])

    basicBlockCodeGen block = do
      let (_, nodes, tail)  = blockSplit block
          id = entryLabel block
          stmts = blockToList nodes
      -- Generate location directive
      dbg <- getDebugBlock (entryLabel block)
      loc_instrs <- case dblSourceTick =<< dbg of
        Just (SourceNote span name)
          -> do fileId <- getFileId (srcSpanFile span)
                let line = srcSpanStartLine span; col = srcSpanStartCol span
                return $ unitOL $ LOCATION fileId line col name
        _ -> return nilOL
      mid_instrs <- stmtsToInstrs stmts
      tail_instrs <- stmtToInstrs tail
      let instrs = loc_instrs `appOL` mid_instrs `appOL` tail_instrs
      instrs' <- fold <$> traverse addSpUnwindings instrs
      -- code generation may introduce new basic block boundaries, which
      -- are indicated by the NEWBLOCK instruction.  We must split up the
      -- instruction stream into basic blocks again.  Also, we extract
      -- LDATAs here too.
      let
            (top,other_blocks,statics) = foldrOL mkBlocks ([],[],[]) instrs'

            mkBlocks (NEWBLOCK id) (instrs,blocks,statics)
              = ([], BasicBlock id instrs : blocks, statics)
            mkBlocks (LDATA sec dat) (instrs,blocks,statics)
              = (instrs, blocks, CmmData sec dat:statics)
            mkBlocks instr (instrs,blocks,statics)
              = (instr:instrs, blocks, statics)
      return (BasicBlock id top : other_blocks, statics)

    -- | Convert 'DELTA' instructions into 'UNWIND' instructions to capture changes
    -- in the @sp@ register. See Note [What is this unwinding business?] in Debug
    -- for details.
    addSpUnwindings :: Instr -> NatM (OrdList Instr)
    addSpUnwindings instr@(DELTA d) = do
        dflags <- getDynFlags
        if debugLevel dflags >= 1
            then do lbl <- mkAsmTempLabel <$> getUniqueM
                    let unwind = M.singleton MachSp (Just $ UwReg MachSp $ negate d)
                    return $ toOL [ instr, UNWIND lbl unwind ]
            else return (unitOL instr)
    addSpUnwindings instr = return $ unitOL instr

    stmtsToInstrs :: [CmmNode e x] -> NatM InstrBlock
    stmtsToInstrs stmts
       = do instrss <- mapM stmtToInstrs stmts
            return (concatOL instrss)

    stmtToInstrs :: CmmNode e x -> NatM InstrBlock
    stmtToInstrs stmt = do
      dflags <- getDynFlags
      is32Bit <- is32BitPlatform
      case stmt of
        CmmComment s   -> return (unitOL (COMMENT s))
        CmmTick {}     -> return nilOL

        CmmUnwind regs -> do
          let to_unwind_entry :: (GlobalReg, Maybe CmmExpr) -> UnwindTable
              to_unwind_entry (reg, expr) = M.singleton reg (fmap toUnwindExpr expr)
          case foldMap to_unwind_entry regs of
            tbl | M.null tbl -> return nilOL
                | otherwise  -> do
                    lbl <- mkAsmTempLabel <$> getUniqueM
                    return $ unitOL $ UNWIND lbl tbl

        CmmAssign reg src
          | isFloatType ty         -> assignReg_FltCode format reg src
          | is32Bit && isWord64 ty -> assignReg_I64Code      reg src
          | otherwise              -> assignReg_IntCode format reg src
            where ty = cmmRegType dflags reg
                  format = cmmTypeFormat ty

        CmmStore addr src
          | isFloatType ty         -> assignMem_FltCode format addr src
          | is32Bit && isWord64 ty -> assignMem_I64Code      addr src
          | otherwise              -> assignMem_IntCode format addr src
            where ty = cmmExprType dflags src
                  format = cmmTypeFormat ty

        CmmUnsafeForeignCall target result_regs args
           -> genCCall dflags is32Bit target result_regs args

        CmmBranch id          -> genBranch id
        CmmCondBranch arg true false _ -> do
          b1 <- genCondJump true arg
          b2 <- genBranch false
          return (b1 `appOL` b2)
        CmmSwitch arg ids -> do dflags <- getDynFlags
                                genSwitch dflags arg ids
        CmmCall { cml_target = arg
                , cml_args_regs = gregs } -> do
                                    dflags <- getDynFlags
                                    genJump arg (jumpRegs dflags gregs)
        _ ->
          panic "stmtToInstrs: statement should have been cps'd away"

    jumpRegs :: DynFlags -> [GlobalReg] -> [Reg]
    jumpRegs dflags gregs = [ RegReal r | Just r <- map (globalRegMaybe platform) gregs ]
        where platform = targetPlatform dflags

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- | 'InstrBlock's are the insn sequences generated by the insn selectors.
    --      They are really trees of insns to facilitate fast appending, where a
    --      left-to-right traversal yields the insns in the correct order.
    --
    type InstrBlock
            = OrdList Instr

    -- | Condition codes passed up the tree.
    --
    data CondCode
            = CondCode Bool Cond InstrBlock

    -- | a.k.a "Register64"
    --      Reg is the lower 32-bit temporary which contains the result.
    --      Use getHiVRegFromLo to find the other VRegUnique.
    --
    --      Rules of this simplified insn selection game are therefore that
    --      the returned Reg may be modified
    --
    data ChildCode64
       = ChildCode64
            InstrBlock
            Reg

    -- | Register's passed up the tree.  If the stix code forces the register
    --      to live in a pre-decided machine register, it comes out as @Fixed@;
    --      otherwise, it comes out as @Any@, and the parent can decide which
    --      register to put it in.
    --
    data Register
            = Fixed Format Reg InstrBlock
            | Any   Format (Reg -> InstrBlock)

    swizzleRegisterRep :: Register -> Format -> Register
    swizzleRegisterRep (Fixed _ reg code) format = Fixed format reg code
    swizzleRegisterRep (Any _ codefn)     format = Any   format codefn

    -- | Grab the Reg for a CmmReg
    getRegisterReg :: Platform -> Bool -> CmmReg -> Reg

    getRegisterReg _ use_sse2 (CmmLocal (LocalReg u pk))
      = let fmt = cmmTypeFormat pk in
        if isFloatFormat fmt && not use_sse2
           then RegVirtual (mkVirtualReg u FF80)
           else RegVirtual (mkVirtualReg u fmt)

    getRegisterReg platform _ (CmmGlobal mid)
      = case globalRegMaybe platform mid of
            Just reg -> RegReal $ reg
            Nothing  -> pprPanic "getRegisterReg-memory" (ppr $ CmmGlobal mid)
            -- By this stage, the only MagicIds remaining should be the
            -- ones which map to a real machine register on this
            -- platform.  Hence ...

    -- | Memory addressing modes passed up the tree.
    data Amode
            = Amode AddrMode InstrBlock

    {-
    Now, given a tree (the argument to an CmmLoad) that references memory,
    produce a suitable addressing mode.

    A Rule of the Game (tm) for Amodes: use of the addr bit must
    immediately follow use of the code part, since the code part puts
    values in registers which the addr then refers to.  So you can't put
    anything in between, lest it overwrite some of those registers.  If
    you need to do some other computation between the code part and use of
    the addr bit, first store the effective address from the amode in a
    temporary, then do the other computation, and then use the temporary:

        code
        LEA amode, tmp
        ... other computation ...
        ... (tmp) ...
    -}

    -- | Check whether an integer will fit in 32 bits.
    --      A CmmInt is intended to be truncated to the appropriate
    --      number of bits, so here we truncate it to Int64.  This is
    --      important because e.g. -1 as a CmmInt might be either
    --      -1 or 18446744073709551615.
    --
    is32BitInteger :: Integer -> Bool
    is32BitInteger i = i64 <= 0x7fffffff && i64 >= -0x80000000
      where i64 = fromIntegral i :: Int64

    -- | Convert a BlockId to some CmmStatic data
    jumpTableEntry :: DynFlags -> Maybe BlockId -> CmmStatic
    jumpTableEntry dflags Nothing = CmmStaticLit (CmmInt 0 (wordWidth dflags))
    jumpTableEntry _ (Just blockid) = CmmStaticLit (CmmLabel blockLabel)
        where blockLabel = mkAsmTempLabel (getUnique blockid)

    -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- General things for putting together code sequences

    -- Expand CmmRegOff.  ToDo: should we do it this way around, or convert
    -- CmmExprs into CmmRegOff?
    mangleIndexTree :: DynFlags -> CmmReg -> Int -> CmmExpr
    mangleIndexTree dflags reg off
      = CmmMachOp (MO_Add width) [CmmReg reg, CmmLit (CmmInt (fromIntegral off) width)]
      where width = typeWidth (cmmRegType dflags reg)

    -- | The dual to getAnyReg: compute an expression into a register, but
    --      we don't mind which one it is.
    getSomeReg :: CmmExpr -> NatM (Reg, InstrBlock)
    getSomeReg expr = do
      r <- getRegister expr
      case r of
        Any rep code -> do
            tmp <- getNewRegNat rep
            return (tmp, code tmp)
        Fixed _ reg code ->
            return (reg, code)

    assignMem_I64Code :: CmmExpr -> CmmExpr -> NatM InstrBlock
    assignMem_I64Code addrTree valueTree = do
      Amode addr addr_code <- getAmode addrTree
      ChildCode64 vcode rlo <- iselExpr64 valueTree
      let
            rhi = getHiVRegFromLo rlo

            -- Little-endian store
            mov_lo = MOV II32 (OpReg rlo) (OpAddr addr)
            mov_hi = MOV II32 (OpReg rhi) (OpAddr (fromJust (addrOffset addr 4)))
      return (vcode `appOL` addr_code `snocOL` mov_lo `snocOL` mov_hi)

    assignReg_I64Code :: CmmReg  -> CmmExpr -> NatM InstrBlock
    assignReg_I64Code (CmmLocal (LocalReg u_dst _)) valueTree = do
       ChildCode64 vcode r_src_lo <- iselExpr64 valueTree
       let
             r_dst_lo = RegVirtual $ mkVirtualReg u_dst II32
             r_dst_hi = getHiVRegFromLo r_dst_lo
             r_src_hi = getHiVRegFromLo r_src_lo
             mov_lo = MOV II32 (OpReg r_src_lo) (OpReg r_dst_lo)
             mov_hi = MOV II32 (OpReg r_src_hi) (OpReg r_dst_hi)
       return (
            vcode `snocOL` mov_lo `snocOL` mov_hi
         )

    assignReg_I64Code _ _
       = panic "assignReg_I64Code(i386): invalid lvalue"

    iselExpr64        :: CmmExpr -> NatM ChildCode64
    iselExpr64 (CmmLit (CmmInt i _)) = do
      (rlo,rhi) <- getNewRegPairNat II32
      let
            r = fromIntegral (fromIntegral i :: Word32)
            q = fromIntegral (fromIntegral (i `shiftR` 32) :: Word32)
            code = toOL [
                    MOV II32 (OpImm (ImmInteger r)) (OpReg rlo),
                    MOV II32 (OpImm (ImmInteger q)) (OpReg rhi)
                    ]
      return (ChildCode64 code rlo)

    iselExpr64 (CmmLoad addrTree ty) | isWord64 ty = do
       Amode addr addr_code <- getAmode addrTree
       (rlo,rhi) <- getNewRegPairNat II32
       let
            mov_lo = MOV II32 (OpAddr addr) (OpReg rlo)
            mov_hi = MOV II32 (OpAddr (fromJust (addrOffset addr 4))) (OpReg rhi)
       return (
                ChildCode64 (addr_code `snocOL` mov_lo `snocOL` mov_hi)
                            rlo
         )

    iselExpr64 (CmmReg (CmmLocal (LocalReg vu ty))) | isWord64 ty
       = return (ChildCode64 nilOL (RegVirtual $ mkVirtualReg vu II32))

    -- we handle addition, but rather badly
    iselExpr64 (CmmMachOp (MO_Add _) [e1, CmmLit (CmmInt i _)]) = do
       ChildCode64 code1 r1lo <- iselExpr64 e1
       (rlo,rhi) <- getNewRegPairNat II32
       let
            r = fromIntegral (fromIntegral i :: Word32)
            q = fromIntegral (fromIntegral (i `shiftR` 32) :: Word32)
            r1hi = getHiVRegFromLo r1lo
            code =  code1 `appOL`
                    toOL [ MOV II32 (OpReg r1lo) (OpReg rlo),
                           ADD II32 (OpImm (ImmInteger r)) (OpReg rlo),
                           MOV II32 (OpReg r1hi) (OpReg rhi),
                           ADC II32 (OpImm (ImmInteger q)) (OpReg rhi) ]
       return (ChildCode64 code rlo)

    iselExpr64 (CmmMachOp (MO_Add _) [e1,e2]) = do
       ChildCode64 code1 r1lo <- iselExpr64 e1
       ChildCode64 code2 r2lo <- iselExpr64 e2
       (rlo,rhi) <- getNewRegPairNat II32
       let
            r1hi = getHiVRegFromLo r1lo
            r2hi = getHiVRegFromLo r2lo
            code =  code1 `appOL`
                    code2 `appOL`
                    toOL [ MOV II32 (OpReg r1lo) (OpReg rlo),
                           ADD II32 (OpReg r2lo) (OpReg rlo),
                           MOV II32 (OpReg r1hi) (OpReg rhi),
                           ADC II32 (OpReg r2hi) (OpReg rhi) ]
       return (ChildCode64 code rlo)

    iselExpr64 (CmmMachOp (MO_Sub _) [e1,e2]) = do
       ChildCode64 code1 r1lo <- iselExpr64 e1
       ChildCode64 code2 r2lo <- iselExpr64 e2
       (rlo,rhi) <- getNewRegPairNat II32
       let
            r1hi = getHiVRegFromLo r1lo
            r2hi = getHiVRegFromLo r2lo
            code =  code1 `appOL`
                    code2 `appOL`
                    toOL [ MOV II32 (OpReg r1lo) (OpReg rlo),
                           SUB II32 (OpReg r2lo) (OpReg rlo),
                           MOV II32 (OpReg r1hi) (OpReg rhi),
                           SBB II32 (OpReg r2hi) (OpReg rhi) ]
       return (ChildCode64 code rlo)

    iselExpr64 (CmmMachOp (MO_UU_Conv _ W64) [expr]) = do
         fn <- getAnyReg expr
         r_dst_lo <-  getNewRegNat II32
         let r_dst_hi = getHiVRegFromLo r_dst_lo
             code = fn r_dst_lo
         return (
                 ChildCode64 (code `snocOL`
                              MOV II32 (OpImm (ImmInt 0)) (OpReg r_dst_hi))
                              r_dst_lo
                )

    iselExpr64 expr
       = pprPanic "iselExpr64(i386)" (ppr expr)

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    getRegister :: CmmExpr -> NatM Register
    getRegister e = do dflags <- getDynFlags
                       is32Bit <- is32BitPlatform
                       getRegister' dflags is32Bit e

    getRegister' :: DynFlags -> Bool -> CmmExpr -> NatM Register

    getRegister' dflags is32Bit (CmmReg reg)
      = case reg of
            CmmGlobal PicBaseReg
             | is32Bit ->
                -- on x86_64, we have %rip for PicBaseReg, but it's not
                -- a full-featured register, it can only be used for
                -- rip-relative addressing.
                do reg' <- getPicBaseNat (archWordFormat is32Bit)
                   return (Fixed (archWordFormat is32Bit) reg' nilOL)
            _ ->
                do use_sse2 <- sse2Enabled
                   let
                     fmt = cmmTypeFormat (cmmRegType dflags reg)
                     format | not use_sse2 && isFloatFormat fmt = FF80
                            | otherwise                         = fmt
                   --
                   let platform = targetPlatform dflags
                   return (Fixed format
                                 (getRegisterReg platform use_sse2 reg)
                                 nilOL)

    getRegister' dflags is32Bit (CmmRegOff r n)
      = getRegister' dflags is32Bit $ mangleIndexTree dflags r n

    -- for 32-bit architectuers, support some 64 -> 32 bit conversions:
    -- TO_W_(x), TO_W_(x >> 32)

    getRegister' _ is32Bit (CmmMachOp (MO_UU_Conv W64 W32)
                         [CmmMachOp (MO_U_Shr W64) [x,CmmLit (CmmInt 32 _)]])
     | is32Bit = do
      ChildCode64 code rlo <- iselExpr64 x
      return $ Fixed II32 (getHiVRegFromLo rlo) code

    getRegister' _ is32Bit (CmmMachOp (MO_SS_Conv W64 W32)
                         [CmmMachOp (MO_U_Shr W64) [x,CmmLit (CmmInt 32 _)]])
     | is32Bit = do
      ChildCode64 code rlo <- iselExpr64 x
      return $ Fixed II32 (getHiVRegFromLo rlo) code

    getRegister' _ is32Bit (CmmMachOp (MO_UU_Conv W64 W32) [x])
     | is32Bit = do
      ChildCode64 code rlo <- iselExpr64 x
      return $ Fixed II32 rlo code

    getRegister' _ is32Bit (CmmMachOp (MO_SS_Conv W64 W32) [x])
     | is32Bit = do
      ChildCode64 code rlo <- iselExpr64 x
      return $ Fixed II32 rlo code

    getRegister' _ _ (CmmLit lit@(CmmFloat f w)) =
      if_sse2 float_const_sse2 float_const_x87
     where
      float_const_sse2
        | f == 0.0 = do
          let
              format = floatFormat w
              code dst = unitOL  (XOR format (OpReg dst) (OpReg dst))
            -- I don't know why there are xorpd, xorps, and pxor instructions.
            -- They all appear to do the same thing --SDM
          return (Any format code)

       | otherwise = do
          Amode addr code <- memConstant (widthInBytes w) lit
          loadFloatAmode True w addr code

      float_const_x87 = case w of
        W64
          | f == 0.0 ->
            let code dst = unitOL (GLDZ dst)
            in  return (Any FF80 code)

          | f == 1.0 ->
            let code dst = unitOL (GLD1 dst)
            in  return (Any FF80 code)

        _otherwise -> do
          Amode addr code <- memConstant (widthInBytes w) lit
          loadFloatAmode False w addr code

    -- catch simple cases of zero- or sign-extended load
    getRegister' _ _ (CmmMachOp (MO_UU_Conv W8 W32) [CmmLoad addr _]) = do
      code <- intLoadCode (MOVZxL II8) addr
      return (Any II32 code)

    getRegister' _ _ (CmmMachOp (MO_SS_Conv W8 W32) [CmmLoad addr _]) = do
      code <- intLoadCode (MOVSxL II8) addr
      return (Any II32 code)

    getRegister' _ _ (CmmMachOp (MO_UU_Conv W16 W32) [CmmLoad addr _]) = do
      code <- intLoadCode (MOVZxL II16) addr
      return (Any II32 code)

    getRegister' _ _ (CmmMachOp (MO_SS_Conv W16 W32) [CmmLoad addr _]) = do
      code <- intLoadCode (MOVSxL II16) addr
      return (Any II32 code)

    -- catch simple cases of zero- or sign-extended load
    getRegister' _ is32Bit (CmmMachOp (MO_UU_Conv W8 W64) [CmmLoad addr _])
     | not is32Bit = do
      code <- intLoadCode (MOVZxL II8) addr
      return (Any II64 code)

    getRegister' _ is32Bit (CmmMachOp (MO_SS_Conv W8 W64) [CmmLoad addr _])
     | not is32Bit = do
      code <- intLoadCode (MOVSxL II8) addr
      return (Any II64 code)

    getRegister' _ is32Bit (CmmMachOp (MO_UU_Conv W16 W64) [CmmLoad addr _])
     | not is32Bit = do
      code <- intLoadCode (MOVZxL II16) addr
      return (Any II64 code)

    getRegister' _ is32Bit (CmmMachOp (MO_SS_Conv W16 W64) [CmmLoad addr _])
     | not is32Bit = do
      code <- intLoadCode (MOVSxL II16) addr
      return (Any II64 code)

    getRegister' _ is32Bit (CmmMachOp (MO_UU_Conv W32 W64) [CmmLoad addr _])
     | not is32Bit = do
      code <- intLoadCode (MOV II32) addr -- 32-bit loads zero-extend
      return (Any II64 code)

    getRegister' _ is32Bit (CmmMachOp (MO_SS_Conv W32 W64) [CmmLoad addr _])
     | not is32Bit = do
      code <- intLoadCode (MOVSxL II32) addr
      return (Any II64 code)

    getRegister' _ is32Bit (CmmMachOp (MO_Add W64) [CmmReg (CmmGlobal PicBaseReg),
                                         CmmLit displacement])
     | not is32Bit = do
          return $ Any II64 (\dst -> unitOL $
            LEA II64 (OpAddr (ripRel (litToImm displacement))) (OpReg dst))

    getRegister' dflags is32Bit (CmmMachOp mop [x]) = do -- unary MachOps
        sse2 <- sse2Enabled
        case mop of
          MO_F_Neg w
             | sse2      -> sse2NegCode w x
             | otherwise -> trivialUFCode FF80 (GNEG FF80) x

          MO_S_Neg w -> triv_ucode NEGI (intFormat w)
          MO_Not w   -> triv_ucode NOT  (intFormat w)

          -- Nop conversions
          MO_UU_Conv W32 W8  -> toI8Reg  W32 x
          MO_SS_Conv W32 W8  -> toI8Reg  W32 x
          MO_UU_Conv W16 W8  -> toI8Reg  W16 x
          MO_SS_Conv W16 W8  -> toI8Reg  W16 x
          MO_UU_Conv W32 W16 -> toI16Reg W32 x
          MO_SS_Conv W32 W16 -> toI16Reg W32 x

          MO_UU_Conv W64 W32 | not is32Bit -> conversionNop II64 x
          MO_SS_Conv W64 W32 | not is32Bit -> conversionNop II64 x
          MO_UU_Conv W64 W16 | not is32Bit -> toI16Reg W64 x
          MO_SS_Conv W64 W16 | not is32Bit -> toI16Reg W64 x
          MO_UU_Conv W64 W8  | not is32Bit -> toI8Reg  W64 x
          MO_SS_Conv W64 W8  | not is32Bit -> toI8Reg  W64 x

          MO_UU_Conv rep1 rep2 | rep1 == rep2 -> conversionNop (intFormat rep1) x
          MO_SS_Conv rep1 rep2 | rep1 == rep2 -> conversionNop (intFormat rep1) x

          -- widenings
          MO_UU_Conv W8  W32 -> integerExtend W8  W32 MOVZxL x
          MO_UU_Conv W16 W32 -> integerExtend W16 W32 MOVZxL x
          MO_UU_Conv W8  W16 -> integerExtend W8  W16 MOVZxL x

          MO_SS_Conv W8  W32 -> integerExtend W8  W32 MOVSxL x
          MO_SS_Conv W16 W32 -> integerExtend W16 W32 MOVSxL x
          MO_SS_Conv W8  W16 -> integerExtend W8  W16 MOVSxL x

          MO_UU_Conv W8  W64 | not is32Bit -> integerExtend W8  W64 MOVZxL x
          MO_UU_Conv W16 W64 | not is32Bit -> integerExtend W16 W64 MOVZxL x
          MO_UU_Conv W32 W64 | not is32Bit -> integerExtend W32 W64 MOVZxL x
          MO_SS_Conv W8  W64 | not is32Bit -> integerExtend W8  W64 MOVSxL x
          MO_SS_Conv W16 W64 | not is32Bit -> integerExtend W16 W64 MOVSxL x
          MO_SS_Conv W32 W64 | not is32Bit -> integerExtend W32 W64 MOVSxL x
            -- for 32-to-64 bit zero extension, amd64 uses an ordinary movl.
            -- However, we don't want the register allocator to throw it
            -- away as an unnecessary reg-to-reg move, so we keep it in
            -- the form of a movzl and print it as a movl later.

          MO_FF_Conv W32 W64
            | sse2      -> coerceFP2FP W64 x
            | otherwise -> conversionNop FF80 x

          MO_FF_Conv W64 W32 -> coerceFP2FP W32 x

          MO_FS_Conv from to -> coerceFP2Int from to x
          MO_SF_Conv from to -> coerceInt2FP from to x

          MO_V_Insert {}   -> needLlvm
          MO_V_Extract {}  -> needLlvm
          MO_V_Add {}      -> needLlvm
          MO_V_Sub {}      -> needLlvm
          MO_V_Mul {}      -> needLlvm
          MO_VS_Quot {}    -> needLlvm
          MO_VS_Rem {}     -> needLlvm
          MO_VS_Neg {}     -> needLlvm
          MO_VU_Quot {}    -> needLlvm
          MO_VU_Rem {}     -> needLlvm
          MO_VF_Insert {}  -> needLlvm
          MO_VF_Extract {} -> needLlvm
          MO_VF_Add {}     -> needLlvm
          MO_VF_Sub {}     -> needLlvm
          MO_VF_Mul {}     -> needLlvm
          MO_VF_Quot {}    -> needLlvm
          MO_VF_Neg {}     -> needLlvm

          _other -> pprPanic "getRegister" (pprMachOp mop)
       where
            triv_ucode :: (Format -> Operand -> Instr) -> Format -> NatM Register
            triv_ucode instr format = trivialUCode format (instr format) x

            -- signed or unsigned extension.
            integerExtend :: Width -> Width
                          -> (Format -> Operand -> Operand -> Instr)
                          -> CmmExpr -> NatM Register
            integerExtend from to instr expr = do
                (reg,e_code) <- if from == W8 then getByteReg expr
                                              else getSomeReg expr
                let
                    code dst =
                      e_code `snocOL`
                      instr (intFormat from) (OpReg reg) (OpReg dst)
                return (Any (intFormat to) code)

            toI8Reg :: Width -> CmmExpr -> NatM Register
            toI8Reg new_rep expr
                = do codefn <- getAnyReg expr
                     return (Any (intFormat new_rep) codefn)
                    -- HACK: use getAnyReg to get a byte-addressable register.
                    -- If the source was a Fixed register, this will add the
                    -- mov instruction to put it into the desired destination.
                    -- We're assuming that the destination won't be a fixed
                    -- non-byte-addressable register; it won't be, because all
                    -- fixed registers are word-sized.

            toI16Reg = toI8Reg -- for now

            conversionNop :: Format -> CmmExpr -> NatM Register
            conversionNop new_format expr
                = do e_code <- getRegister' dflags is32Bit expr
                     return (swizzleRegisterRep e_code new_format)

    getRegister' _ is32Bit (CmmMachOp mop [x, y]) = do -- dyadic MachOps
      sse2 <- sse2Enabled
      case mop of
          MO_F_Eq _ -> condFltReg is32Bit EQQ x y
          MO_F_Ne _ -> condFltReg is32Bit NE  x y
          MO_F_Gt _ -> condFltReg is32Bit GTT x y
          MO_F_Ge _ -> condFltReg is32Bit GE  x y
          MO_F_Lt _ -> condFltReg is32Bit LTT x y
          MO_F_Le _ -> condFltReg is32Bit LE  x y

          MO_Eq _   -> condIntReg EQQ x y
          MO_Ne _   -> condIntReg NE  x y

          MO_S_Gt _ -> condIntReg GTT x y
          MO_S_Ge _ -> condIntReg GE  x y
          MO_S_Lt _ -> condIntReg LTT x y
          MO_S_Le _ -> condIntReg LE  x y

          MO_U_Gt _ -> condIntReg GU  x y
          MO_U_Ge _ -> condIntReg GEU x y
          MO_U_Lt _ -> condIntReg LU  x y
          MO_U_Le _ -> condIntReg LEU x y

          MO_F_Add w  | sse2      -> trivialFCode_sse2 w ADD  x y
                      | otherwise -> trivialFCode_x87    GADD x y
          MO_F_Sub w  | sse2      -> trivialFCode_sse2 w SUB  x y
                      | otherwise -> trivialFCode_x87    GSUB x y
          MO_F_Quot w | sse2      -> trivialFCode_sse2 w FDIV x y
                      | otherwise -> trivialFCode_x87    GDIV x y
          MO_F_Mul w  | sse2      -> trivialFCode_sse2 w MUL x y
                      | otherwise -> trivialFCode_x87    GMUL x y

          MO_Add rep -> add_code rep x y
          MO_Sub rep -> sub_code rep x y

          MO_S_Quot rep -> div_code rep True  True  x y
          MO_S_Rem  rep -> div_code rep True  False x y
          MO_U_Quot rep -> div_code rep False True  x y
          MO_U_Rem  rep -> div_code rep False False x y

          MO_S_MulMayOflo rep -> imulMayOflo rep x y

          MO_Mul rep -> triv_op rep IMUL
          MO_And rep -> triv_op rep AND
          MO_Or  rep -> triv_op rep OR
          MO_Xor rep -> triv_op rep XOR

            {- Shift ops on x86s have constraints on their source, it
               either has to be Imm, CL or 1
                => trivialCode is not restrictive enough (sigh.)
            -}
          MO_Shl rep   -> shift_code rep SHL x y {-False-}
          MO_U_Shr rep -> shift_code rep SHR x y {-False-}
          MO_S_Shr rep -> shift_code rep SAR x y {-False-}

          MO_V_Insert {}   -> needLlvm
          MO_V_Extract {}  -> needLlvm
          MO_V_Add {}      -> needLlvm
          MO_V_Sub {}      -> needLlvm
          MO_V_Mul {}      -> needLlvm
          MO_VS_Quot {}    -> needLlvm
          MO_VS_Rem {}     -> needLlvm
          MO_VS_Neg {}     -> needLlvm
          MO_VF_Insert {}  -> needLlvm
          MO_VF_Extract {} -> needLlvm
          MO_VF_Add {}     -> needLlvm
          MO_VF_Sub {}     -> needLlvm
          MO_VF_Mul {}     -> needLlvm
          MO_VF_Quot {}    -> needLlvm
          MO_VF_Neg {}     -> needLlvm

          _other -> pprPanic "getRegister(x86) - binary CmmMachOp (1)" (pprMachOp mop)
      where
        --------------------
        triv_op width instr = trivialCode width op (Just op) x y
                            where op   = instr (intFormat width)

        imulMayOflo :: Width -> CmmExpr -> CmmExpr -> NatM Register
        imulMayOflo rep a b = do
             (a_reg, a_code) <- getNonClobberedReg a
             b_code <- getAnyReg b
             let
                 shift_amt  = case rep of
                               W32 -> 31
                               W64 -> 63
                               _ -> panic "shift_amt"

                 format = intFormat rep
                 code = a_code `appOL` b_code eax `appOL`
                            toOL [
                               IMUL2 format (OpReg a_reg),   -- result in %edx:%eax
                               SAR format (OpImm (ImmInt shift_amt)) (OpReg eax),
                                    -- sign extend lower part
                               SUB format (OpReg edx) (OpReg eax)
                                    -- compare against upper
                               -- eax==0 if high part == sign extended low part
                            ]
             return (Fixed format eax code)

        --------------------
        shift_code :: Width
                   -> (Format -> Operand -> Operand -> Instr)
                   -> CmmExpr
                   -> CmmExpr
                   -> NatM Register

        {- Case1: shift length as immediate -}
        shift_code width instr x (CmmLit lit) = do
              x_code <- getAnyReg x
              let
                   format = intFormat width
                   code dst
                      = x_code dst `snocOL`
                        instr format (OpImm (litToImm lit)) (OpReg dst)
              return (Any format code)

        {- Case2: shift length is complex (non-immediate)
          * y must go in %ecx.
          * we cannot do y first *and* put its result in %ecx, because
            %ecx might be clobbered by x.
          * if we do y second, then x cannot be
            in a clobbered reg.  Also, we cannot clobber x's reg
            with the instruction itself.
          * so we can either:
            - do y first, put its result in a fresh tmp, then copy it to %ecx later
            - do y second and put its result into %ecx.  x gets placed in a fresh
              tmp.  This is likely to be better, because the reg alloc can
              eliminate this reg->reg move here (it won't eliminate the other one,
              because the move is into the fixed %ecx).
        -}
        shift_code width instr x y{-amount-} = do
            x_code <- getAnyReg x
            let format = intFormat width
            tmp <- getNewRegNat format
            y_code <- getAnyReg y
            let
               code = x_code tmp `appOL`
                      y_code ecx `snocOL`
                      instr format (OpReg ecx) (OpReg tmp)
            return (Fixed format tmp code)

        --------------------
        add_code :: Width -> CmmExpr -> CmmExpr -> NatM Register
        add_code rep x (CmmLit (CmmInt y _))
            | is32BitInteger y = add_int rep x y
        add_code rep x y = trivialCode rep (ADD format) (Just (ADD format)) x y
          where format = intFormat rep
        -- TODO: There are other interesting patterns we want to replace
        --     with a LEA, e.g. `(x + offset) + (y << shift)`.

        --------------------
        sub_code :: Width -> CmmExpr -> CmmExpr -> NatM Register
        sub_code rep x (CmmLit (CmmInt y _))
            | is32BitInteger (-y) = add_int rep x (-y)
        sub_code rep x y = trivialCode rep (SUB (intFormat rep)) Nothing x y

        -- our three-operand add instruction:
        add_int width x y = do
            (x_reg, x_code) <- getSomeReg x
            let
                format = intFormat width
                imm = ImmInt (fromInteger y)
                code dst
                   = x_code `snocOL`
                     LEA format
                            (OpAddr (AddrBaseIndex (EABaseReg x_reg) EAIndexNone imm))
                            (OpReg dst)
            --
            return (Any format code)

        ----------------------
        div_code width signed quotient x y = do
               (y_op, y_code) <- getRegOrMem y -- cannot be clobbered
               x_code <- getAnyReg x
               let
                 format = intFormat width
                 widen | signed    = CLTD format
                       | otherwise = XOR format (OpReg edx) (OpReg edx)

                 instr | signed    = IDIV
                       | otherwise = DIV

                 code = y_code `appOL`
                        x_code eax `appOL`
                        toOL [widen, instr format y_op]

                 result | quotient  = eax
                        | otherwise = edx

               return (Fixed format result code)

    getRegister' _ _ (CmmLoad mem pk)
      | isFloatType pk
      = do
        Amode addr mem_code <- getAmode mem
        use_sse2 <- sse2Enabled
        loadFloatAmode use_sse2 (typeWidth pk) addr mem_code

    getRegister' _ is32Bit (CmmLoad mem pk)
      | is32Bit && not (isWord64 pk)
      = do
        code <- intLoadCode instr mem
        return (Any format code)
      where
        width = typeWidth pk
        format = intFormat width
        instr = case width of
                    W8     -> MOVZxL II8
                    _other -> MOV format
            -- We always zero-extend 8-bit loads, if we
            -- can't think of anything better.  This is because
            -- we can't guarantee access to an 8-bit variant of every register
            -- (esi and edi don't have 8-bit variants), so to make things
            -- simpler we do our 8-bit arithmetic with full 32-bit registers.

    -- Simpler memory load code on x86_64
    getRegister' _ is32Bit (CmmLoad mem pk)
     | not is32Bit
      = do
        code <- intLoadCode (MOV format) mem
        return (Any format code)
      where format = intFormat $ typeWidth pk

    getRegister' _ is32Bit (CmmLit (CmmInt 0 width))
      = let
            format = intFormat width

            -- x86_64: 32-bit xor is one byte shorter, and zero-extends to 64 bits
            format1 = if is32Bit then format
                               else case format of
                                    II64 -> II32
                                    _ -> format
            code dst
               = unitOL (XOR format1 (OpReg dst) (OpReg dst))
        in
            return (Any format code)

      -- optimisation for loading small literals on x86_64: take advantage
      -- of the automatic zero-extension from 32 to 64 bits, because the 32-bit
      -- instruction forms are shorter.
    getRegister' dflags is32Bit (CmmLit lit)
      | not is32Bit, isWord64 (cmmLitType dflags lit), not (isBigLit lit)
      = let
            imm = litToImm lit
            code dst = unitOL (MOV II32 (OpImm imm) (OpReg dst))
        in
            return (Any II64 code)
      where
       isBigLit (CmmInt i _) = i < 0 || i > 0xffffffff
       isBigLit _ = False
            -- note1: not the same as (not.is32BitLit), because that checks for
            -- signed literals that fit in 32 bits, but we want unsigned
            -- literals here.
            -- note2: all labels are small, because we're assuming the
            -- small memory model (see gcc docs, -mcmodel=small).

    getRegister' dflags _ (CmmLit lit)
      = do let format = cmmTypeFormat (cmmLitType dflags lit)
               imm = litToImm lit
               code dst = unitOL (MOV format (OpImm imm) (OpReg dst))
           return (Any format code)

    getRegister' _ _ other
        | isVecExpr other  = needLlvm
        | otherwise        = pprPanic "getRegister(x86)" (ppr other)

    intLoadCode :: (Operand -> Operand -> Instr) -> CmmExpr
       -> NatM (Reg -> InstrBlock)
    intLoadCode instr mem = do
      Amode src mem_code <- getAmode mem
      return (\dst -> mem_code `snocOL` instr (OpAddr src) (OpReg dst))

    -- Compute an expression into *any* register, adding the appropriate
    -- move instruction if necessary.
    getAnyReg :: CmmExpr -> NatM (Reg -> InstrBlock)
    getAnyReg expr = do
      r <- getRegister expr
      anyReg r

    anyReg :: Register -> NatM (Reg -> InstrBlock)
    anyReg (Any _ code)          = return code
    anyReg (Fixed rep reg fcode) = return (\dst -> fcode `snocOL` reg2reg rep reg dst)

    -- A bit like getSomeReg, but we want a reg that can be byte-addressed.
    -- Fixed registers might not be byte-addressable, so we make sure we've
    -- got a temporary, inserting an extra reg copy if necessary.
    getByteReg :: CmmExpr -> NatM (Reg, InstrBlock)
    getByteReg expr = do
      is32Bit <- is32BitPlatform
      if is32Bit
          then do r <- getRegister expr
                  case r of
                    Any rep code -> do
                        tmp <- getNewRegNat rep
                        return (tmp, code tmp)
                    Fixed rep reg code
                        | isVirtualReg reg -> return (reg,code)
                        | otherwise -> do
                            tmp <- getNewRegNat rep
                            return (tmp, code `snocOL` reg2reg rep reg tmp)
                        -- ToDo: could optimise slightly by checking for
                        -- byte-addressable real registers, but that will
                        -- happen very rarely if at all.
          else getSomeReg expr -- all regs are byte-addressable on x86_64

    -- Another variant: this time we want the result in a register that cannot
    -- be modified by code to evaluate an arbitrary expression.
    getNonClobberedReg :: CmmExpr -> NatM (Reg, InstrBlock)
    getNonClobberedReg expr = do
      dflags <- getDynFlags
      r <- getRegister expr
      case r of
        Any rep code -> do
            tmp <- getNewRegNat rep
            return (tmp, code tmp)
        Fixed rep reg code
            -- only certain regs can be clobbered
            | reg `elem` instrClobberedRegs (targetPlatform dflags)
            -> do
                    tmp <- getNewRegNat rep
                    return (tmp, code `snocOL` reg2reg rep reg tmp)
            | otherwise ->
                    return (reg, code)

    reg2reg :: Format -> Reg -> Reg -> Instr
    reg2reg format src dst
      | format == FF80 = GMOV src dst
      | otherwise    = MOV format (OpReg src) (OpReg dst)

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    getAmode :: CmmExpr -> NatM Amode
    getAmode e = do is32Bit <- is32BitPlatform
                    getAmode' is32Bit e

    getAmode' :: Bool -> CmmExpr -> NatM Amode
    getAmode' _ (CmmRegOff r n) = do dflags <- getDynFlags
                                     getAmode $ mangleIndexTree dflags r n

    getAmode' is32Bit (CmmMachOp (MO_Add W64) [CmmReg (CmmGlobal PicBaseReg),
                                                      CmmLit displacement])
     | not is32Bit
        = return $ Amode (ripRel (litToImm displacement)) nilOL

    -- This is all just ridiculous, since it carefully undoes
    -- what mangleIndexTree has just done.
    getAmode' is32Bit (CmmMachOp (MO_Sub _rep) [x, CmmLit lit@(CmmInt i _)])
      | is32BitLit is32Bit lit
      -- ASSERT(rep == II32)???
      = do (x_reg, x_code) <- getSomeReg x
           let off = ImmInt (-(fromInteger i))
           return (Amode (AddrBaseIndex (EABaseReg x_reg) EAIndexNone off) x_code)

    getAmode' is32Bit (CmmMachOp (MO_Add _rep) [x, CmmLit lit])
      | is32BitLit is32Bit lit
      -- ASSERT(rep == II32)???
      = do (x_reg, x_code) <- getSomeReg x
           let off = litToImm lit
           return (Amode (AddrBaseIndex (EABaseReg x_reg) EAIndexNone off) x_code)

    -- Turn (lit1 << n  + lit2) into  (lit2 + lit1 << n) so it will be
    -- recognised by the next rule.
    getAmode' is32Bit (CmmMachOp (MO_Add rep) [a@(CmmMachOp (MO_Shl _) _),
                                      b@(CmmLit _)])
      = getAmode' is32Bit (CmmMachOp (MO_Add rep) [b,a])

    -- Matches: (x + offset) + (y << shift)
    getAmode' _ (CmmMachOp (MO_Add _) [CmmRegOff x offset,
                                       CmmMachOp (MO_Shl _)
                                            [y, CmmLit (CmmInt shift _)]])
      | shift == 0 || shift == 1 || shift == 2 || shift == 3
      = x86_complex_amode (CmmReg x) y shift (fromIntegral offset)

    getAmode' _ (CmmMachOp (MO_Add _) [x, CmmMachOp (MO_Shl _)
                                            [y, CmmLit (CmmInt shift _)]])
      | shift == 0 || shift == 1 || shift == 2 || shift == 3
      = x86_complex_amode x y shift 0

    getAmode' _ (CmmMachOp (MO_Add _)
                    [x, CmmMachOp (MO_Add _)
                            [CmmMachOp (MO_Shl _) [y, CmmLit (CmmInt shift _)],
                             CmmLit (CmmInt offset _)]])
      | shift == 0 || shift == 1 || shift == 2 || shift == 3
      && is32BitInteger offset
      = x86_complex_amode x y shift offset

    getAmode' _ (CmmMachOp (MO_Add _) [x,y])
      = x86_complex_amode x y 0 0

    getAmode' is32Bit (CmmLit lit) | is32BitLit is32Bit lit
      = return (Amode (ImmAddr (litToImm lit) 0) nilOL)

    getAmode' _ expr = do
      (reg,code) <- getSomeReg expr
      return (Amode (AddrBaseIndex (EABaseReg reg) EAIndexNone (ImmInt 0)) code)

    -- | Like 'getAmode', but on 32-bit use simple register addressing
    -- (i.e. no index register). This stops us from running out of
    -- registers on x86 when using instructions such as cmpxchg, which can
    -- use up to three virtual registers and one fixed register.
    getSimpleAmode :: DynFlags -> Bool -> CmmExpr -> NatM Amode
    getSimpleAmode dflags is32Bit addr
        | is32Bit = do
            addr_code <- getAnyReg addr
            addr_r <- getNewRegNat (intFormat (wordWidth dflags))
            let amode = AddrBaseIndex (EABaseReg addr_r) EAIndexNone (ImmInt 0)
            return $! Amode amode (addr_code addr_r)
        | otherwise = getAmode addr

    x86_complex_amode :: CmmExpr -> CmmExpr -> Integer -> Integer -> NatM Amode
    x86_complex_amode base index shift offset
      = do (x_reg, x_code) <- getNonClobberedReg base
            -- x must be in a temp, because it has to stay live over y_code
            -- we could compre x_reg and y_reg and do something better here...
           (y_reg, y_code) <- getSomeReg index
           let
               code = x_code `appOL` y_code
               base = case shift of 0 -> 1; 1 -> 2; 2 -> 4; 3 -> 8;
                                    n -> panic $ "x86_complex_amode: unhandled shift! (" ++ show n ++ ")"
           return (Amode (AddrBaseIndex (EABaseReg x_reg) (EAIndex y_reg base) (ImmInt (fromIntegral offset)))
                   code)

    -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- getOperand: sometimes any operand will do.

    -- getNonClobberedOperand: the value of the operand will remain valid across
    -- the computation of an arbitrary expression, unless the expression
    -- is computed directly into a register which the operand refers to
    -- (see trivialCode where this function is used for an example).

    getNonClobberedOperand :: CmmExpr -> NatM (Operand, InstrBlock)
    getNonClobberedOperand (CmmLit lit) = do
      use_sse2 <- sse2Enabled
      if use_sse2 && isSuitableFloatingPointLit lit
        then do
          let CmmFloat _ w = lit
          Amode addr code <- memConstant (widthInBytes w) lit
          return (OpAddr addr, code)
         else do

      is32Bit <- is32BitPlatform
      dflags <- getDynFlags
      if is32BitLit is32Bit lit && not (isFloatType (cmmLitType dflags lit))
        then return (OpImm (litToImm lit), nilOL)
        else getNonClobberedOperand_generic (CmmLit lit)

    getNonClobberedOperand (CmmLoad mem pk) = do
      is32Bit <- is32BitPlatform
      use_sse2 <- sse2Enabled
      if (not (isFloatType pk) || use_sse2)
          && (if is32Bit then not (isWord64 pk) else True)
        then do
          dflags <- getDynFlags
          let platform = targetPlatform dflags
          Amode src mem_code <- getAmode mem
          (src',save_code) <-
            if (amodeCouldBeClobbered platform src)
                    then do
                       tmp <- getNewRegNat (archWordFormat is32Bit)
                       return (AddrBaseIndex (EABaseReg tmp) EAIndexNone (ImmInt 0),
                               unitOL (LEA (archWordFormat is32Bit)
                                           (OpAddr src)
                                           (OpReg tmp)))
                    else
                       return (src, nilOL)
          return (OpAddr src', mem_code `appOL` save_code)
        else do
          getNonClobberedOperand_generic (CmmLoad mem pk)

    getNonClobberedOperand e = getNonClobberedOperand_generic e

    getNonClobberedOperand_generic :: CmmExpr -> NatM (Operand, InstrBlock)
    getNonClobberedOperand_generic e = do
        (reg, code) <- getNonClobberedReg e
        return (OpReg reg, code)

    amodeCouldBeClobbered :: Platform -> AddrMode -> Bool
    amodeCouldBeClobbered platform amode = any (regClobbered platform) (addrModeRegs amode)

    regClobbered :: Platform -> Reg -> Bool
    regClobbered platform (RegReal (RealRegSingle rr)) = freeReg platform rr
    regClobbered _ _ = False

    -- getOperand: the operand is not required to remain valid across the
    -- computation of an arbitrary expression.
    getOperand :: CmmExpr -> NatM (Operand, InstrBlock)

    getOperand (CmmLit lit) = do
      use_sse2 <- sse2Enabled
      if (use_sse2 && isSuitableFloatingPointLit lit)
        then do
          let CmmFloat _ w = lit
          Amode addr code <- memConstant (widthInBytes w) lit
          return (OpAddr addr, code)
        else do

      is32Bit <- is32BitPlatform
      dflags <- getDynFlags
      if is32BitLit is32Bit lit && not (isFloatType (cmmLitType dflags lit))
        then return (OpImm (litToImm lit), nilOL)
        else getOperand_generic (CmmLit lit)

    getOperand (CmmLoad mem pk) = do
      is32Bit <- is32BitPlatform
      use_sse2 <- sse2Enabled
      if (not (isFloatType pk) || use_sse2) && (if is32Bit then not (isWord64 pk) else True)
         then do
           Amode src mem_code <- getAmode mem
           return (OpAddr src, mem_code)
         else
           getOperand_generic (CmmLoad mem pk)

    getOperand e = getOperand_generic e

    getOperand_generic :: CmmExpr -> NatM (Operand, InstrBlock)
    getOperand_generic e = do
        (reg, code) <- getSomeReg e
        return (OpReg reg, code)

    isOperand :: Bool -> CmmExpr -> Bool
    isOperand _ (CmmLoad _ _) = True
    isOperand is32Bit (CmmLit lit)  = is32BitLit is32Bit lit
                              || isSuitableFloatingPointLit lit
    isOperand _ _            = False

    memConstant :: Int -> CmmLit -> NatM Amode
    memConstant align lit = do
      lbl <- getNewLabelNat
      let rosection = Section ReadOnlyData lbl
      dflags <- getDynFlags
      (addr, addr_code) <- if target32Bit (targetPlatform dflags)
                           then do dynRef <- cmmMakeDynamicReference
                                                 dflags
                                                 DataReference
                                                 lbl
                                   Amode addr addr_code <- getAmode dynRef
                                   return (addr, addr_code)
                           else return (ripRel (ImmCLbl lbl), nilOL)
      let code =
            LDATA rosection (align, Statics lbl [CmmStaticLit lit])
            `consOL` addr_code
      return (Amode addr code)

    loadFloatAmode :: Bool -> Width -> AddrMode -> InstrBlock -> NatM Register
    loadFloatAmode use_sse2 w addr addr_code = do
      let format = floatFormat w
          code dst = addr_code `snocOL`
                     if use_sse2
                        then MOV format (OpAddr addr) (OpReg dst)
                        else GLD format addr dst
      return (Any (if use_sse2 then format else FF80) code)

    -- if we want a floating-point literal as an operand, we can
    -- use it directly from memory.  However, if the literal is
    -- zero, we're better off generating it into a register using
    -- xor.
    isSuitableFloatingPointLit :: CmmLit -> Bool
    isSuitableFloatingPointLit (CmmFloat f _) = f /= 0.0
    isSuitableFloatingPointLit _ = False

    getRegOrMem :: CmmExpr -> NatM (Operand, InstrBlock)
    getRegOrMem e@(CmmLoad mem pk) = do
      is32Bit <- is32BitPlatform
      use_sse2 <- sse2Enabled
      if (not (isFloatType pk) || use_sse2) && (if is32Bit then not (isWord64 pk) else True)
         then do
           Amode src mem_code <- getAmode mem
           return (OpAddr src, mem_code)
         else do
           (reg, code) <- getNonClobberedReg e
           return (OpReg reg, code)
    getRegOrMem e = do
        (reg, code) <- getNonClobberedReg e
        return (OpReg reg, code)

    is32BitLit :: Bool -> CmmLit -> Bool
    is32BitLit is32Bit (CmmInt i W64)
     | not is32Bit
        = -- assume that labels are in the range 0-2^31-1: this assumes the
          -- small memory model (see gcc docs, -mcmodel=small).
          is32BitInteger i
    is32BitLit _ _ = True

    -- Set up a condition code for a conditional branch.

    getCondCode :: CmmExpr -> NatM CondCode

    -- yes, they really do seem to want exactly the same!

    getCondCode (CmmMachOp mop [x, y])
      =
        case mop of
          MO_F_Eq W32 -> condFltCode EQQ x y
          MO_F_Ne W32 -> condFltCode NE  x y
          MO_F_Gt W32 -> condFltCode GTT x y
          MO_F_Ge W32 -> condFltCode GE  x y
          MO_F_Lt W32 -> condFltCode LTT x y
          MO_F_Le W32 -> condFltCode LE  x y

          MO_F_Eq W64 -> condFltCode EQQ x y
          MO_F_Ne W64 -> condFltCode NE  x y
          MO_F_Gt W64 -> condFltCode GTT x y
          MO_F_Ge W64 -> condFltCode GE  x y
          MO_F_Lt W64 -> condFltCode LTT x y
          MO_F_Le W64 -> condFltCode LE  x y

          _ -> condIntCode (machOpToCond mop) x y

    getCondCode other = pprPanic "getCondCode(2)(x86,x86_64)" (ppr other)

    machOpToCond :: MachOp -> Cond
    machOpToCond mo = case mo of
      MO_Eq _   -> EQQ
      MO_Ne _   -> NE
      MO_S_Gt _ -> GTT
      MO_S_Ge _ -> GE
      MO_S_Lt _ -> LTT
      MO_S_Le _ -> LE
      MO_U_Gt _ -> GU
      MO_U_Ge _ -> GEU
      MO_U_Lt _ -> LU
      MO_U_Le _ -> LEU
      _other -> pprPanic "machOpToCond" (pprMachOp mo)

    -- @cond(Int|Flt)Code@: Turn a boolean expression into a condition, to be
    -- passed back up the tree.

    condIntCode :: Cond -> CmmExpr -> CmmExpr -> NatM CondCode
    condIntCode cond x y = do is32Bit <- is32BitPlatform
                              condIntCode' is32Bit cond x y

    condIntCode' :: Bool -> Cond -> CmmExpr -> CmmExpr -> NatM CondCode

    -- memory vs immediate
    condIntCode' is32Bit cond (CmmLoad x pk) (CmmLit lit)
     | is32BitLit is32Bit lit = do
        Amode x_addr x_code <- getAmode x
        let
            imm  = litToImm lit
            code = x_code `snocOL`
                      CMP (cmmTypeFormat pk) (OpImm imm) (OpAddr x_addr)
        --
        return (CondCode False cond code)

    -- anything vs zero, using a mask
    -- TODO: Add some sanity checking!!!!
    condIntCode' is32Bit cond (CmmMachOp (MO_And _) [x,o2]) (CmmLit (CmmInt 0 pk))
        | (CmmLit lit@(CmmInt mask _)) <- o2, is32BitLit is32Bit lit
        = do
          (x_reg, x_code) <- getSomeReg x
          let
             code = x_code `snocOL`
                    TEST (intFormat pk) (OpImm (ImmInteger mask)) (OpReg x_reg)
          --
          return (CondCode False cond code)

    -- anything vs zero
    condIntCode' _ cond x (CmmLit (CmmInt 0 pk)) = do
        (x_reg, x_code) <- getSomeReg x
        let
            code = x_code `snocOL`
                      TEST (intFormat pk) (OpReg x_reg) (OpReg x_reg)
        --
        return (CondCode False cond code)

    -- anything vs operand
    condIntCode' is32Bit cond x y
     | isOperand is32Bit y = do
        dflags <- getDynFlags
        (x_reg, x_code) <- getNonClobberedReg x
        (y_op,  y_code) <- getOperand y
        let
            code = x_code `appOL` y_code `snocOL`
                      CMP (cmmTypeFormat (cmmExprType dflags x)) y_op (OpReg x_reg)
        return (CondCode False cond code)
    -- operand vs. anything: invert the comparison so that we can use a
    -- single comparison instruction.
     | isOperand is32Bit x
     , Just revcond <- maybeFlipCond cond = do
        dflags <- getDynFlags
        (y_reg, y_code) <- getNonClobberedReg y
        (x_op,  x_code) <- getOperand x
        let
            code = y_code `appOL` x_code `snocOL`
                      CMP (cmmTypeFormat (cmmExprType dflags x)) x_op (OpReg y_reg)
        return (CondCode False revcond code)

    -- anything vs anything
    condIntCode' _ cond x y = do
      dflags <- getDynFlags
      (y_reg, y_code) <- getNonClobberedReg y
      (x_op, x_code) <- getRegOrMem x
      let
            code = y_code `appOL`
                   x_code `snocOL`
                      CMP (cmmTypeFormat (cmmExprType dflags x)) (OpReg y_reg) x_op
      return (CondCode False cond code)

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    condFltCode :: Cond -> CmmExpr -> CmmExpr -> NatM CondCode

    condFltCode cond x y
      = if_sse2 condFltCode_sse2 condFltCode_x87
      where

      condFltCode_x87
        = ASSERT(cond `elem` ([EQQ, NE, LE, LTT, GE, GTT])) do
        (x_reg, x_code) <- getNonClobberedReg x
        (y_reg, y_code) <- getSomeReg y
        let
            code = x_code `appOL` y_code `snocOL`
                    GCMP cond x_reg y_reg
        -- The GCMP insn does the test and sets the zero flag if comparable
        -- and true.  Hence we always supply EQQ as the condition to test.
        return (CondCode True EQQ code)

      -- in the SSE2 comparison ops (ucomiss, ucomisd) the left arg may be
      -- an operand, but the right must be a reg.  We can probably do better
      -- than this general case...
      condFltCode_sse2 = do
        dflags <- getDynFlags
        (x_reg, x_code) <- getNonClobberedReg x
        (y_op, y_code) <- getOperand y
        let
            code = x_code `appOL`
                   y_code `snocOL`
                      CMP (floatFormat $ cmmExprWidth dflags x) y_op (OpReg x_reg)
            -- NB(1): we need to use the unsigned comparison operators on the
            -- result of this comparison.
        return (CondCode True (condToUnsigned cond) code)

    -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Generating assignments

    -- Assignments are really at the heart of the whole code generation
    -- business.  Almost all top-level nodes of any real importance are
    -- assignments, which correspond to loads, stores, or register
    -- transfers.  If we're really lucky, some of the register transfers
    -- will go away, because we can use the destination register to
    -- complete the code generation for the right hand side.  This only
    -- fails when the right hand side is forced into a fixed register
    -- (e.g. the result of a call).

    assignMem_IntCode :: Format -> CmmExpr -> CmmExpr -> NatM InstrBlock
    assignReg_IntCode :: Format -> CmmReg  -> CmmExpr -> NatM InstrBlock

    assignMem_FltCode :: Format -> CmmExpr -> CmmExpr -> NatM InstrBlock
    assignReg_FltCode :: Format -> CmmReg  -> CmmExpr -> NatM InstrBlock

    -- integer assignment to memory

    -- specific case of adding/subtracting an integer to a particular address.
    -- ToDo: catch other cases where we can use an operation directly on a memory
    -- address.
    assignMem_IntCode pk addr (CmmMachOp op [CmmLoad addr2 _,
                                                     CmmLit (CmmInt i _)])
       | addr == addr2, pk /= II64 || is32BitInteger i,
         Just instr <- check op
       = do Amode amode code_addr <- getAmode addr
            let code = code_addr `snocOL`
                       instr pk (OpImm (ImmInt (fromIntegral i))) (OpAddr amode)
            return code
       where
            check (MO_Add _) = Just ADD
            check (MO_Sub _) = Just SUB
            check _ = Nothing
            -- ToDo: more?

    -- general case
    assignMem_IntCode pk addr src = do
        is32Bit <- is32BitPlatform
        Amode addr code_addr <- getAmode addr
        (code_src, op_src)   <- get_op_RI is32Bit src
        let
            code = code_src `appOL`
                   code_addr `snocOL`
                      MOV pk op_src (OpAddr addr)
            -- NOTE: op_src is stable, so it will still be valid
            -- after code_addr.  This may involve the introduction
            -- of an extra MOV to a temporary register, but we hope
            -- the register allocator will get rid of it.
        --
        return code
      where
        get_op_RI :: Bool -> CmmExpr -> NatM (InstrBlock,Operand)   -- code, operator
        get_op_RI is32Bit (CmmLit lit) | is32BitLit is32Bit lit
          = return (nilOL, OpImm (litToImm lit))
        get_op_RI _ op
          = do (reg,code) <- getNonClobberedReg op
               return (code, OpReg reg)

    -- Assign; dst is a reg, rhs is mem
    assignReg_IntCode pk reg (CmmLoad src _) = do
      load_code <- intLoadCode (MOV pk) src
      dflags <- getDynFlags
      let platform = targetPlatform dflags
      return (load_code (getRegisterReg platform False{-no sse2-} reg))

    -- dst is a reg, but src could be anything
    assignReg_IntCode _ reg src = do
      dflags <- getDynFlags
      let platform = targetPlatform dflags
      code <- getAnyReg src
      return (code (getRegisterReg platform False{-no sse2-} reg))

    -- Floating point assignment to memory
    assignMem_FltCode pk addr src = do
      (src_reg, src_code) <- getNonClobberedReg src
      Amode addr addr_code <- getAmode addr
      use_sse2 <- sse2Enabled
      let
            code = src_code `appOL`
                   addr_code `snocOL`
                    if use_sse2 then MOV pk (OpReg src_reg) (OpAddr addr)
                                else GST pk src_reg addr
      return code

    -- Floating point assignment to a register/temporary
    assignReg_FltCode _ reg src = do
      use_sse2 <- sse2Enabled
      src_code <- getAnyReg src
      dflags <- getDynFlags
      let platform = targetPlatform dflags
      return (src_code (getRegisterReg platform use_sse2 reg))

    genJump :: CmmExpr{-the branch target-} -> [Reg] -> NatM InstrBlock

    genJump (CmmLoad mem _) regs = do
      Amode target code <- getAmode mem
      return (code `snocOL` JMP (OpAddr target) regs)

    genJump (CmmLit lit) regs = do
      return (unitOL (JMP (OpImm (litToImm lit)) regs))

    genJump expr regs = do
      (reg,code) <- getSomeReg expr
      return (code `snocOL` JMP (OpReg reg) regs)

    -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    --  Unconditional branches

    genBranch :: BlockId -> NatM InstrBlock
    genBranch = return . toOL . mkJumpInstr

    -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    --  Conditional jumps

    {-
    Conditional jumps are always to local labels, so we can use branch
    instructions.  We peek at the arguments to decide what kind of
    comparison to do.

    I386: First, we have to ensure that the condition
    codes are set according to the supplied comparison operation.
    -}

    genCondJump
        :: BlockId      -- the branch target
        -> CmmExpr      -- the condition on which to branch
        -> NatM InstrBlock

    genCondJump id expr = do
      is32Bit <- is32BitPlatform
      genCondJump' is32Bit id expr

    genCondJump' :: Bool -> BlockId -> CmmExpr -> NatM InstrBlock

    -- 64-bit integer comparisons on 32-bit
    genCondJump' is32Bit true (CmmMachOp mop [e1,e2])
      | is32Bit, Just W64 <- maybeIntComparison mop = do
      ChildCode64 code1 r1_lo <- iselExpr64 e1
      ChildCode64 code2 r2_lo <- iselExpr64 e2
      let r1_hi = getHiVRegFromLo r1_lo
          r2_hi = getHiVRegFromLo r2_lo
          cond = machOpToCond mop
          Just cond' = maybeFlipCond cond
      false <- getBlockIdNat
      return $ code1 `appOL` code2 `appOL` toOL [
        CMP II32 (OpReg r2_hi) (OpReg r1_hi),
        JXX cond true,
        JXX cond' false,
        CMP II32 (OpReg r2_lo) (OpReg r1_lo),
        JXX cond true,
        NEWBLOCK false ]

    genCondJump' _ id bool = do
      CondCode is_float cond cond_code <- getCondCode bool
      use_sse2 <- sse2Enabled
      if not is_float || not use_sse2
        then
            return (cond_code `snocOL` JXX cond id)
        else do
            lbl <- getBlockIdNat

            -- see comment with condFltReg
            let code = case cond of
                            NE  -> or_unordered
                            GU  -> plain_test
                            GEU -> plain_test
                            _   -> and_ordered

                plain_test = unitOL (
                      JXX cond id
                    )
                or_unordered = toOL [
                      JXX cond id,
                      JXX PARITY id
                    ]
                and_ordered = toOL [
                      JXX PARITY lbl,
                      JXX cond id,
                      JXX ALWAYS lbl,
                      NEWBLOCK lbl
                    ]
            return (cond_code `appOL` code)

    -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    --  Generating C calls

    -- Now the biggest nightmare---calls.  Most of the nastiness is buried in
    -- @get_arg@, which moves the arguments to the correct registers/stack
    -- locations.  Apart from that, the code is easy.
    --
    -- (If applicable) Do not fill the delay slots here; you will confuse the
    -- register allocator.

    genCCall
        :: DynFlags
        -> Bool                     -- 32 bit platform?
        -> ForeignTarget            -- function to call
        -> [CmmFormal]        -- where to put the result
        -> [CmmActual]        -- arguments (of mixed type)
        -> NatM InstrBlock

    -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

    -- Unroll memcpy calls if the source and destination pointers are at
    -- least DWORD aligned and the number of bytes to copy isn't too
    -- large.  Otherwise, call C's memcpy.
    genCCall dflags is32Bit (PrimTarget (MO_Memcpy align)) _
             [dst, src, CmmLit (CmmInt n _)]
        | fromInteger insns <= maxInlineMemcpyInsns dflags && align .&. 3 == 0 = do
            code_dst <- getAnyReg dst
            dst_r <- getNewRegNat format
            code_src <- getAnyReg src
            src_r <- getNewRegNat format
            tmp_r <- getNewRegNat format
            return $ code_dst dst_r `appOL` code_src src_r `appOL`
                go dst_r src_r tmp_r (fromInteger n)
      where
        -- The number of instructions we will generate (approx). We need 2
        -- instructions per move.
        insns = 2 * ((n + sizeBytes - 1) `div` sizeBytes)

        format = if align .&. 4 /= 0 then II32 else (archWordFormat is32Bit)

        -- The size of each move, in bytes.
        sizeBytes :: Integer
        sizeBytes = fromIntegral (formatInBytes format)

        go :: Reg -> Reg -> Reg -> Integer -> OrdList Instr
        go dst src tmp i
            | i >= sizeBytes =
                unitOL (MOV format (OpAddr src_addr) (OpReg tmp)) `appOL`
                unitOL (MOV format (OpReg tmp) (OpAddr dst_addr)) `appOL`
                go dst src tmp (i - sizeBytes)
            -- Deal with remaining bytes.
            | i >= 4 =  -- Will never happen on 32-bit
                unitOL (MOV II32 (OpAddr src_addr) (OpReg tmp)) `appOL`
                unitOL (MOV II32 (OpReg tmp) (OpAddr dst_addr)) `appOL`
                go dst src tmp (i - 4)
            | i >= 2 =
                unitOL (MOVZxL II16 (OpAddr src_addr) (OpReg tmp)) `appOL`
                unitOL (MOV II16 (OpReg tmp) (OpAddr dst_addr)) `appOL`
                go dst src tmp (i - 2)
            | i >= 1 =
                unitOL (MOVZxL II8 (OpAddr src_addr) (OpReg tmp)) `appOL`
                unitOL (MOV II8 (OpReg tmp) (OpAddr dst_addr)) `appOL`
                go dst src tmp (i - 1)
            | otherwise = nilOL
          where
            src_addr = AddrBaseIndex (EABaseReg src) EAIndexNone
                       (ImmInteger (n - i))
            dst_addr = AddrBaseIndex (EABaseReg dst) EAIndexNone
                       (ImmInteger (n - i))

    genCCall dflags _ (PrimTarget (MO_Memset align)) _
             [dst,
              CmmLit (CmmInt c _),
              CmmLit (CmmInt n _)]
        | fromInteger insns <= maxInlineMemsetInsns dflags && align .&. 3 == 0 = do
            code_dst <- getAnyReg dst
            dst_r <- getNewRegNat format
            return $ code_dst dst_r `appOL` go dst_r (fromInteger n)
      where
        (format, val) = case align .&. 3 of
            2 -> (II16, c2)
            0 -> (II32, c4)
            _ -> (II8, c)
        c2 = c `shiftL` 8 .|. c
        c4 = c2 `shiftL` 16 .|. c2

        -- The number of instructions we will generate (approx). We need 1
        -- instructions per move.
        insns = (n + sizeBytes - 1) `div` sizeBytes

        -- The size of each move, in bytes.
        sizeBytes :: Integer
        sizeBytes = fromIntegral (formatInBytes format)

        go :: Reg -> Integer -> OrdList Instr
        go dst i
            -- TODO: Add movabs instruction and support 64-bit sets.
            | i >= sizeBytes =  -- This might be smaller than the below sizes
                unitOL (MOV format (OpImm (ImmInteger val)) (OpAddr dst_addr)) `appOL`
                go dst (i - sizeBytes)
            | i >= 4 =  -- Will never happen on 32-bit
                unitOL (MOV II32 (OpImm (ImmInteger c4)) (OpAddr dst_addr)) `appOL`
                go dst (i - 4)
            | i >= 2 =
                unitOL (MOV II16 (OpImm (ImmInteger c2)) (OpAddr dst_addr)) `appOL`
                go dst (i - 2)
            | i >= 1 =
                unitOL (MOV II8 (OpImm (ImmInteger c)) (OpAddr dst_addr)) `appOL`
                go dst (i - 1)
            | otherwise = nilOL
          where
            dst_addr = AddrBaseIndex (EABaseReg dst) EAIndexNone
                       (ImmInteger (n - i))

    genCCall _ _ (PrimTarget MO_WriteBarrier) _ _ = return nilOL
            -- write barrier compiles to no code on x86/x86-64;
            -- we keep it this long in order to prevent earlier optimisations.

    genCCall _ _ (PrimTarget MO_Touch) _ _ = return nilOL

    genCCall _ is32bit (PrimTarget (MO_Prefetch_Data n )) _  [src] =
            case n of
                0 -> genPrefetch src $ PREFETCH NTA  format
                1 -> genPrefetch src $ PREFETCH Lvl2 format
                2 -> genPrefetch src $ PREFETCH Lvl1 format
                3 -> genPrefetch src $ PREFETCH Lvl0 format
                l -> panic $ "unexpected prefetch level in genCCall MO_Prefetch_Data: " ++ (show l)
                -- the c / llvm prefetch convention is 0, 1, 2, and 3
                -- the x86 corresponding names are : NTA, 2 , 1, and 0
       where
            format = archWordFormat is32bit
            -- need to know what register width for pointers!
            genPrefetch inRegSrc prefetchCTor =
                do
                    code_src <- getAnyReg inRegSrc
                    src_r <- getNewRegNat format
                    return $ code_src src_r `appOL`
                      (unitOL (prefetchCTor  (OpAddr
                                  ((AddrBaseIndex (EABaseReg src_r )   EAIndexNone (ImmInt 0))))  ))
                      -- prefetch always takes an address

    genCCall dflags is32Bit (PrimTarget (MO_BSwap width)) [dst] [src] = do
        let platform = targetPlatform dflags
        let dst_r = getRegisterReg platform False (CmmLocal dst)
        case width of
            W64 | is32Bit -> do
                   ChildCode64 vcode rlo <- iselExpr64 src
                   let dst_rhi = getHiVRegFromLo dst_r
                       rhi     = getHiVRegFromLo rlo
                   return $ vcode `appOL`
                            toOL [ MOV II32 (OpReg rlo) (OpReg dst_rhi),
                                   MOV II32 (OpReg rhi) (OpReg dst_r),
                                   BSWAP II32 dst_rhi,
                                   BSWAP II32 dst_r ]
            W16 -> do code_src <- getAnyReg src
                      return $ code_src dst_r `appOL`
                               unitOL (BSWAP II32 dst_r) `appOL`
                               unitOL (SHR II32 (OpImm $ ImmInt 16) (OpReg dst_r))
            _   -> do code_src <- getAnyReg src
                      return $ code_src dst_r `appOL` unitOL (BSWAP format dst_r)
      where
        format = intFormat width

    genCCall dflags is32Bit (PrimTarget (MO_PopCnt width)) dest_regs@[dst]
             args@[src] = do
        sse4_2 <- sse4_2Enabled
        let platform = targetPlatform dflags
        if sse4_2
            then do code_src <- getAnyReg src
                    src_r <- getNewRegNat format
                    let dst_r = getRegisterReg platform False (CmmLocal dst)
                    return $ code_src src_r `appOL`
                        (if width == W8 then
                             -- The POPCNT instruction doesn't take a r/m8
                             unitOL (MOVZxL II8 (OpReg src_r) (OpReg src_r)) `appOL`
                             unitOL (POPCNT II16 (OpReg src_r) dst_r)
                         else
                             unitOL (POPCNT format (OpReg src_r) dst_r)) `appOL`
                        (if width == W8 || width == W16 then
                             -- We used a 16-bit destination register above,
                             -- so zero-extend
                             unitOL (MOVZxL II16 (OpReg dst_r) (OpReg dst_r))
                         else nilOL)
            else do
                targetExpr <- cmmMakeDynamicReference dflags
                              CallReference lbl
                let target = ForeignTarget targetExpr (ForeignConvention CCallConv
                                                               [NoHint] [NoHint]
                                                               CmmMayReturn)
                genCCall dflags is32Bit target dest_regs args
      where
        format = intFormat width
        lbl = mkCmmCodeLabel primUnitId (fsLit (popCntLabel width))

    genCCall dflags is32Bit (PrimTarget (MO_Clz width)) dest_regs@[dst] args@[src]
      | is32Bit && width == W64 = do
        -- Fallback to `hs_clz64` on i386
        targetExpr <- cmmMakeDynamicReference dflags CallReference lbl
        let target = ForeignTarget targetExpr (ForeignConvention CCallConv
                                               [NoHint] [NoHint]
                                               CmmMayReturn)
        genCCall dflags is32Bit target dest_regs args

      | otherwise = do
        code_src <- getAnyReg src
        src_r <- getNewRegNat format
        tmp_r <- getNewRegNat format
        let dst_r = getRegisterReg platform False (CmmLocal dst)

        -- The following insn sequence makes sure 'clz 0' has a defined value.
        -- starting with Haswell, one could use the LZCNT insn instead.
        return $ code_src src_r `appOL` toOL
                 ([ MOVZxL  II8    (OpReg src_r) (OpReg src_r) | width == W8 ] ++
                  [ BSR     format (OpReg src_r) tmp_r
                  , MOV     II32   (OpImm (ImmInt (2*bw-1))) (OpReg dst_r)
                  , CMOV NE format (OpReg tmp_r) dst_r
                  , XOR     format (OpImm (ImmInt (bw-1))) (OpReg dst_r)
                  ]) -- NB: We don't need to zero-extend the result for the
                     -- W8/W16 cases because the 'MOV' insn already
                     -- took care of implicitly clearing the upper bits
      where
        bw = widthInBits width
        platform = targetPlatform dflags
        format = if width == W8 then II16 else intFormat width
        lbl = mkCmmCodeLabel primUnitId (fsLit (clzLabel width))

    genCCall dflags is32Bit (PrimTarget (MO_Ctz width)) [dst] [src]
      | is32Bit, width == W64 = do
          ChildCode64 vcode rlo <- iselExpr64 src
          let rhi     = getHiVRegFromLo rlo
              dst_r   = getRegisterReg platform False (CmmLocal dst)
          lbl1 <- getBlockIdNat
          lbl2 <- getBlockIdNat
          tmp_r <- getNewRegNat format

          -- The following instruction sequence corresponds to the pseudo-code
          --
          --  if (src) {
          --    dst = src.lo32 ? BSF(src.lo32) : (BSF(src.hi32) + 32);
          --  } else {
          --    dst = 64;
          --  }
          return $ vcode `appOL` toOL
                   ([ MOV      II32 (OpReg rhi)         (OpReg tmp_r)
                    , OR       II32 (OpReg rlo)         (OpReg tmp_r)
                    , MOV      II32 (OpImm (ImmInt 64)) (OpReg dst_r)
                    , JXX EQQ    lbl2
                    , JXX ALWAYS lbl1

                    , NEWBLOCK   lbl1
                    , BSF     II32 (OpReg rhi)         dst_r
                    , ADD     II32 (OpImm (ImmInt 32)) (OpReg dst_r)
                    , BSF     II32 (OpReg rlo)         tmp_r
                    , CMOV NE II32 (OpReg tmp_r)       dst_r
                    , JXX ALWAYS lbl2

                    , NEWBLOCK   lbl2
                    ])

      | otherwise = do
        code_src <- getAnyReg src
        src_r <- getNewRegNat format
        tmp_r <- getNewRegNat format
        let dst_r = getRegisterReg platform False (CmmLocal dst)

        -- The following insn sequence makes sure 'ctz 0' has a defined value.
        -- starting with Haswell, one could use the TZCNT insn instead.
        return $ code_src src_r `appOL` toOL
                 ([ MOVZxL  II8    (OpReg src_r) (OpReg src_r) | width == W8 ] ++
                  [ BSF     format (OpReg src_r) tmp_r
                  , MOV     II32   (OpImm (ImmInt bw)) (OpReg dst_r)
                  , CMOV NE format (OpReg tmp_r) dst_r
                  ]) -- NB: We don't need to zero-extend the result for the
                     -- W8/W16 cases because the 'MOV' insn already
                     -- took care of implicitly clearing the upper bits
      where
        bw = widthInBits width
        platform = targetPlatform dflags
        format = if width == W8 then II16 else intFormat width

    genCCall dflags is32Bit (PrimTarget (MO_UF_Conv width)) dest_regs args = do
        targetExpr <- cmmMakeDynamicReference dflags
                      CallReference lbl
        let target = ForeignTarget targetExpr (ForeignConvention CCallConv
                                               [NoHint] [NoHint]
                                               CmmMayReturn)
        genCCall dflags is32Bit target dest_regs args
      where
        lbl = mkCmmCodeLabel primUnitId (fsLit (word2FloatLabel width))

    genCCall dflags is32Bit (PrimTarget (MO_AtomicRMW width amop)) [dst] [addr, n] = do
        Amode amode addr_code <-
            if amop `elem` [AMO_Add, AMO_Sub]
            then getAmode addr
            else getSimpleAmode dflags is32Bit addr  -- See genCCall for MO_Cmpxchg
        arg <- getNewRegNat format
        arg_code <- getAnyReg n
        use_sse2 <- sse2Enabled
        let platform = targetPlatform dflags
            dst_r    = getRegisterReg platform use_sse2 (CmmLocal dst)
        code <- op_code dst_r arg amode
        return $ addr_code `appOL` arg_code arg `appOL` code
      where
        -- Code for the operation
        op_code :: Reg       -- Destination reg
                -> Reg       -- Register containing argument
                -> AddrMode  -- Address of location to mutate
                -> NatM (OrdList Instr)
        op_code dst_r arg amode = case amop of
            -- In the common case where dst_r is a virtual register the
            -- final move should go away, because it's the last use of arg
            -- and the first use of dst_r.
            AMO_Add  -> return $ toOL [ LOCK (XADD format (OpReg arg) (OpAddr amode))
                                      , MOV format (OpReg arg) (OpReg dst_r)
                                      ]
            AMO_Sub  -> return $ toOL [ NEGI format (OpReg arg)
                                      , LOCK (XADD format (OpReg arg) (OpAddr amode))
                                      , MOV format (OpReg arg) (OpReg dst_r)
                                      ]
            AMO_And  -> cmpxchg_code (\ src dst -> unitOL $ AND format src dst)
            AMO_Nand -> cmpxchg_code (\ src dst -> toOL [ AND format src dst
                                                        , NOT format dst
                                                        ])
            AMO_Or   -> cmpxchg_code (\ src dst -> unitOL $ OR format src dst)
            AMO_Xor  -> cmpxchg_code (\ src dst -> unitOL $ XOR format src dst)
          where
            -- Simulate operation that lacks a dedicated instruction using
            -- cmpxchg.
            cmpxchg_code :: (Operand -> Operand -> OrdList Instr)
                         -> NatM (OrdList Instr)
            cmpxchg_code instrs = do
                lbl <- getBlockIdNat
                tmp <- getNewRegNat format
                return $ toOL
                    [ MOV format (OpAddr amode) (OpReg eax)
                    , JXX ALWAYS lbl
                    , NEWBLOCK lbl
                      -- Keep old value so we can return it:
                    , MOV format (OpReg eax) (OpReg dst_r)
                    , MOV format (OpReg eax) (OpReg tmp)
                    ]
                    `appOL` instrs (OpReg arg) (OpReg tmp) `appOL` toOL
                    [ LOCK (CMPXCHG format (OpReg tmp) (OpAddr amode))
                    , JXX NE lbl
                    ]

        format = intFormat width

    genCCall dflags _ (PrimTarget (MO_AtomicRead width)) [dst] [addr] = do
      load_code <- intLoadCode (MOV (intFormat width)) addr
      let platform = targetPlatform dflags
      use_sse2 <- sse2Enabled
      return (load_code (getRegisterReg platform use_sse2 (CmmLocal dst)))

    genCCall _ _ (PrimTarget (MO_AtomicWrite width)) [] [addr, val] = do
        code <- assignMem_IntCode (intFormat width) addr val
        return $ code `snocOL` MFENCE

    genCCall dflags is32Bit (PrimTarget (MO_Cmpxchg width)) [dst] [addr, old, new] = do
        -- On x86 we don't have enough registers to use cmpxchg with a
        -- complicated addressing mode, so on that architecture we
        -- pre-compute the address first.
        Amode amode addr_code <- getSimpleAmode dflags is32Bit addr
        newval <- getNewRegNat format
        newval_code <- getAnyReg new
        oldval <- getNewRegNat format
        oldval_code <- getAnyReg old
        use_sse2 <- sse2Enabled
        let platform = targetPlatform dflags
            dst_r    = getRegisterReg platform use_sse2 (CmmLocal dst)
            code     = toOL
                       [ MOV format (OpReg oldval) (OpReg eax)
                       , LOCK (CMPXCHG format (OpReg newval) (OpAddr amode))
                       , MOV format (OpReg eax) (OpReg dst_r)
                       ]
        return $ addr_code `appOL` newval_code newval `appOL` oldval_code oldval
            `appOL` code
      where
        format = intFormat width

    genCCall _ is32Bit target dest_regs args = do
      dflags <- getDynFlags
      let platform = targetPlatform dflags
          sse2     = isSse2Enabled dflags
      case (target, dest_regs) of
        -- void return type prim op
        (PrimTarget op, []) ->
            outOfLineCmmOp op Nothing args
        -- we only cope with a single result for foreign calls
        (PrimTarget op, [r])
          | sse2 -> case op of
              MO_F32_Fabs -> case args of
                [x] -> sse2FabsCode W32 x
                _ -> panic "genCCall: Wrong number of arguments for fabs"
              MO_F64_Fabs -> case args of
                [x] -> sse2FabsCode W64 x
                _ -> panic "genCCall: Wrong number of arguments for fabs"
              _other_op -> outOfLineCmmOp op (Just r) args
          | otherwise -> do
            l1 <- getNewLabelNat
            l2 <- getNewLabelNat
            if sse2
              then
                outOfLineCmmOp op (Just r) args
              else case op of
                  MO_F32_Sqrt -> actuallyInlineFloatOp GSQRT FF32 args
                  MO_F64_Sqrt -> actuallyInlineFloatOp GSQRT FF64 args

                  MO_F32_Sin  -> actuallyInlineFloatOp (\s -> GSIN s l1 l2) FF32 args
                  MO_F64_Sin  -> actuallyInlineFloatOp (\s -> GSIN s l1 l2) FF64 args

                  MO_F32_Cos  -> actuallyInlineFloatOp (\s -> GCOS s l1 l2) FF32 args
                  MO_F64_Cos  -> actuallyInlineFloatOp (\s -> GCOS s l1 l2) FF64 args

                  MO_F32_Tan  -> actuallyInlineFloatOp (\s -> GTAN s l1 l2) FF32 args
                  MO_F64_Tan  -> actuallyInlineFloatOp (\s -> GTAN s l1 l2) FF64 args

                  _other_op   -> outOfLineCmmOp op (Just r) args

           where
            actuallyInlineFloatOp instr format [x]
                  = do res <- trivialUFCode format (instr format) x
                       any <- anyReg res
                       return (any (getRegisterReg platform False (CmmLocal r)))

            actuallyInlineFloatOp _ _ args
                  = panic $ "genCCall.actuallyInlineFloatOp: bad number of arguments! ("
                          ++ show (length args) ++ ")"

            sse2FabsCode :: Width -> CmmExpr -> NatM InstrBlock
            sse2FabsCode w x = do
              let fmt = floatFormat w
              x_code <- getAnyReg x
              let
                const | FF32 <- fmt = CmmInt 0x7fffffff W32
                      | otherwise   = CmmInt 0x7fffffffffffffff W64
              Amode amode amode_code <- memConstant (widthInBytes w) const
              tmp <- getNewRegNat fmt
              let
                code dst = x_code dst `appOL` amode_code `appOL` toOL [
                    MOV fmt (OpAddr amode) (OpReg tmp),
                    AND fmt (OpReg tmp) (OpReg dst)
                    ]

              return $ code (getRegisterReg platform True (CmmLocal r))

        (PrimTarget (MO_S_QuotRem  width), _) -> divOp1 platform True  width dest_regs args
        (PrimTarget (MO_U_QuotRem  width), _) -> divOp1 platform False width dest_regs args
        (PrimTarget (MO_U_QuotRem2 width), _) -> divOp2 platform False width dest_regs args
        (PrimTarget (MO_Add2 width), [res_h, res_l]) ->
            case args of
            [arg_x, arg_y] ->
                do hCode <- getAnyReg (CmmLit (CmmInt 0 width))
                   let format = intFormat width
                   lCode <- anyReg =<< trivialCode width (ADD_CC format)
                                         (Just (ADD_CC format)) arg_x arg_y
                   let reg_l = getRegisterReg platform True (CmmLocal res_l)
                       reg_h = getRegisterReg platform True (CmmLocal res_h)
                       code = hCode reg_h `appOL`
                              lCode reg_l `snocOL`
                              ADC format (OpImm (ImmInteger 0)) (OpReg reg_h)
                   return code
            _ -> panic "genCCall: Wrong number of arguments/results for add2"
        (PrimTarget (MO_SubWordC width), [res_r, res_c]) ->
            addSubIntC platform SUB_CC (const Nothing) CARRY width res_r res_c args
        (PrimTarget (MO_AddIntC width), [res_r, res_c]) ->
            addSubIntC platform ADD_CC (Just . ADD_CC) OFLO width res_r res_c args
        (PrimTarget (MO_SubIntC width), [res_r, res_c]) ->
            addSubIntC platform SUB_CC (const Nothing) OFLO width res_r res_c args
        (PrimTarget (MO_U_Mul2 width), [res_h, res_l]) ->
            case args of
            [arg_x, arg_y] ->
                do (y_reg, y_code) <- getRegOrMem arg_y
                   x_code <- getAnyReg arg_x
                   let format = intFormat width
                       reg_h = getRegisterReg platform True (CmmLocal res_h)
                       reg_l = getRegisterReg platform True (CmmLocal res_l)
                       code = y_code `appOL`
                              x_code rax `appOL`
                              toOL [MUL2 format y_reg,
                                    MOV format (OpReg rdx) (OpReg reg_h),
                                    MOV format (OpReg rax) (OpReg reg_l)]
                   return code
            _ -> panic "genCCall: Wrong number of arguments/results for mul2"

        _ -> if is32Bit
             then genCCall32' dflags target dest_regs args
             else genCCall64' dflags target dest_regs args

      where divOp1 platform signed width results [arg_x, arg_y]
                = divOp platform signed width results Nothing arg_x arg_y
            divOp1 _ _ _ _ _
                = panic "genCCall: Wrong number of arguments for divOp1"
            divOp2 platform signed width results [arg_x_high, arg_x_low, arg_y]
                = divOp platform signed width results (Just arg_x_high) arg_x_low arg_y
            divOp2 _ _ _ _ _
                = panic "genCCall: Wrong number of arguments for divOp2"
            divOp platform signed width [res_q, res_r]
                  m_arg_x_high arg_x_low arg_y
                = do let format = intFormat width
                         reg_q = getRegisterReg platform True (CmmLocal res_q)
                         reg_r = getRegisterReg platform True (CmmLocal res_r)
                         widen | signed    = CLTD format
                               | otherwise = XOR format (OpReg rdx) (OpReg rdx)
                         instr | signed    = IDIV
                               | otherwise = DIV
                     (y_reg, y_code) <- getRegOrMem arg_y
                     x_low_code <- getAnyReg arg_x_low
                     x_high_code <- case m_arg_x_high of
                                    Just arg_x_high ->
                                        getAnyReg arg_x_high
                                    Nothing ->
                                        return $ const $ unitOL widen
                     return $ y_code `appOL`
                              x_low_code rax `appOL`
                              x_high_code rdx `appOL`
                              toOL [instr format y_reg,
                                    MOV format (OpReg rax) (OpReg reg_q),
                                    MOV format (OpReg rdx) (OpReg reg_r)]
            divOp _ _ _ _ _ _ _
                = panic "genCCall: Wrong number of results for divOp"

            addSubIntC platform instr mrevinstr cond width
                       res_r res_c [arg_x, arg_y]
                = do let format = intFormat width
                     rCode <- anyReg =<< trivialCode width (instr format)
                                           (mrevinstr format) arg_x arg_y
                     reg_tmp <- getNewRegNat II8
                     let reg_c = getRegisterReg platform True (CmmLocal res_c)
                         reg_r = getRegisterReg platform True (CmmLocal res_r)
                         code = rCode reg_r `snocOL`
                                SETCC cond (OpReg reg_tmp) `snocOL`
                                MOVZxL II8 (OpReg reg_tmp) (OpReg reg_c)

                     return code
            addSubIntC _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
                = panic "genCCall: Wrong number of arguments/results for addSubIntC"

    genCCall32' :: DynFlags
                -> ForeignTarget            -- function to call
                -> [CmmFormal]        -- where to put the result
                -> [CmmActual]        -- arguments (of mixed type)
                -> NatM InstrBlock
    genCCall32' dflags target dest_regs args = do
            let
                prom_args = map (maybePromoteCArg dflags W32) args

                -- Align stack to 16n for calls, assuming a starting stack
                -- alignment of 16n - word_size on procedure entry. Which we
                -- maintiain. See Note [rts/StgCRun.c : Stack Alignment on X86]
                sizes               = map (arg_size . cmmExprType dflags) (reverse args)
                raw_arg_size        = sum sizes + wORD_SIZE dflags
                arg_pad_size        = (roundTo 16 $ raw_arg_size) - raw_arg_size
                tot_arg_size        = raw_arg_size + arg_pad_size - wORD_SIZE dflags
            delta0 <- getDeltaNat
            setDeltaNat (delta0 - arg_pad_size)

            use_sse2 <- sse2Enabled
            push_codes <- mapM (push_arg use_sse2) (reverse prom_args)
            delta <- getDeltaNat
            MASSERT(delta == delta0 - tot_arg_size)

            -- deal with static vs dynamic call targets
            (callinsns,cconv) <-
              case target of
                ForeignTarget (CmmLit (CmmLabel lbl)) conv
                   -> -- ToDo: stdcall arg sizes
                      return (unitOL (CALL (Left fn_imm) []), conv)
                   where fn_imm = ImmCLbl lbl
                ForeignTarget expr conv
                   -> do { (dyn_r, dyn_c) <- getSomeReg expr
                         ; ASSERT( isWord32 (cmmExprType dflags expr) )
                           return (dyn_c `snocOL` CALL (Right dyn_r) [], conv) }
                PrimTarget _
                    -> panic $ "genCCall: Can't handle PrimTarget call type here, error "
                                ++ "probably because too many return values."

            let push_code
                    | arg_pad_size /= 0
                    = toOL [SUB II32 (OpImm (ImmInt arg_pad_size)) (OpReg esp),
                            DELTA (delta0 - arg_pad_size)]
                      `appOL` concatOL push_codes
                    | otherwise
                    = concatOL push_codes

                  -- Deallocate parameters after call for ccall;
                  -- but not for stdcall (callee does it)
                  --
                  -- We have to pop any stack padding we added
                  -- even if we are doing stdcall, though (#5052)
                pop_size
                   | ForeignConvention StdCallConv _ _ _ <- cconv = arg_pad_size
                   | otherwise = tot_arg_size

                call = callinsns `appOL`
                       toOL (
                          (if pop_size==0 then [] else
                           [ADD II32 (OpImm (ImmInt pop_size)) (OpReg esp)])
                          ++
                          [DELTA delta0]
                       )
            setDeltaNat delta0

            dflags <- getDynFlags
            let platform = targetPlatform dflags

            let
                -- assign the results, if necessary
                assign_code []     = nilOL
                assign_code [dest]
                  | isFloatType ty =
                     if use_sse2
                        then let tmp_amode = AddrBaseIndex (EABaseReg esp)
                                                           EAIndexNone
                                                           (ImmInt 0)
                                 fmt = floatFormat w
                             in toOL [ SUB II32 (OpImm (ImmInt b)) (OpReg esp),
                                       DELTA (delta0 - b),
                                       GST fmt fake0 tmp_amode,
                                       MOV fmt (OpAddr tmp_amode) (OpReg r_dest),
                                       ADD II32 (OpImm (ImmInt b)) (OpReg esp),
                                       DELTA delta0]
                        else unitOL (GMOV fake0 r_dest)
                  | isWord64 ty    = toOL [MOV II32 (OpReg eax) (OpReg r_dest),
                                            MOV II32 (OpReg edx) (OpReg r_dest_hi)]
                  | otherwise      = unitOL (MOV (intFormat w)
                                                 (OpReg eax)
                                                 (OpReg r_dest))
                  where
                        ty = localRegType dest
                        w  = typeWidth ty
                        b  = widthInBytes w
                        r_dest_hi = getHiVRegFromLo r_dest
                        r_dest    = getRegisterReg platform use_sse2 (CmmLocal dest)
                assign_code many = pprPanic "genCCall.assign_code - too many return values:" (ppr many)

            return (push_code `appOL`
                    call `appOL`
                    assign_code dest_regs)

          where
            arg_size :: CmmType -> Int  -- Width in bytes
            arg_size ty = widthInBytes (typeWidth ty)

            roundTo a x | x `mod` a == 0 = x
                        | otherwise = x + a - (x `mod` a)

            push_arg :: Bool -> CmmActual {-current argument-}
                            -> NatM InstrBlock  -- code

            push_arg use_sse2 arg -- we don't need the hints on x86
              | isWord64 arg_ty = do
                ChildCode64 code r_lo <- iselExpr64 arg
                delta <- getDeltaNat
                setDeltaNat (delta - 8)
                let r_hi = getHiVRegFromLo r_lo
                return (       code `appOL`
                               toOL [PUSH II32 (OpReg r_hi), DELTA (delta - 4),
                                     PUSH II32 (OpReg r_lo), DELTA (delta - 8),
                                     DELTA (delta-8)]
                    )

              | isFloatType arg_ty = do
                (reg, code) <- getSomeReg arg
                delta <- getDeltaNat
                setDeltaNat (delta-size)
                return (code `appOL`
                                toOL [SUB II32 (OpImm (ImmInt size)) (OpReg esp),
                                      DELTA (delta-size),
                                      let addr = AddrBaseIndex (EABaseReg esp)
                                                                EAIndexNone
                                                                (ImmInt 0)
                                          format = floatFormat (typeWidth arg_ty)
                                      in
                                      if use_sse2
                                         then MOV format (OpReg reg) (OpAddr addr)
                                         else GST format reg addr
                                     ]
                               )

              | otherwise = do
                (operand, code) <- getOperand arg
                delta <- getDeltaNat
                setDeltaNat (delta-size)
                return (code `snocOL`
                        PUSH II32 operand `snocOL`
                        DELTA (delta-size))

              where
                 arg_ty = cmmExprType dflags arg
                 size = arg_size arg_ty -- Byte size

    genCCall64' :: DynFlags
                -> ForeignTarget      -- function to call
                -> [CmmFormal]        -- where to put the result
                -> [CmmActual]        -- arguments (of mixed type)
                -> NatM InstrBlock
    genCCall64' dflags target dest_regs args = do
        -- load up the register arguments
        let prom_args = map (maybePromoteCArg dflags W32) args

        (stack_args, int_regs_used, fp_regs_used, load_args_code, assign_args_code)
             <-
            if platformOS platform == OSMinGW32
            then load_args_win prom_args [] [] (allArgRegs platform) nilOL
            else do
               (stack_args, aregs, fregs, load_args_code, assign_args_code)
                   <- load_args prom_args (allIntArgRegs platform)
                                          (allFPArgRegs platform)
                                          nilOL nilOL
               let used_regs rs as = reverse (drop (length rs) (reverse as))
                   fregs_used      = used_regs fregs (allFPArgRegs platform)
                   aregs_used      = used_regs aregs (allIntArgRegs platform)
               return (stack_args, aregs_used, fregs_used, load_args_code
                                                          , assign_args_code)

        let
            arg_regs_used = int_regs_used ++ fp_regs_used
            arg_regs = [eax] ++ arg_regs_used
                    -- for annotating the call instruction with
            sse_regs = length fp_regs_used
            arg_stack_slots = if platformOS platform == OSMinGW32
                              then length stack_args + length (allArgRegs platform)
                              else length stack_args
            tot_arg_size = arg_size * arg_stack_slots

        -- Align stack to 16n for calls, assuming a starting stack
        -- alignment of 16n - word_size on procedure entry. Which we
        -- maintain. See Note [rts/StgCRun.c : Stack Alignment on X86]
        (real_size, adjust_rsp) <-
            if (tot_arg_size + wORD_SIZE dflags) `rem` 16 == 0
                then return (tot_arg_size, nilOL)
                else do -- we need to adjust...
                    delta <- getDeltaNat
                    setDeltaNat (delta - wORD_SIZE dflags)
                    return (tot_arg_size + wORD_SIZE dflags, toOL [
                                    SUB II64 (OpImm (ImmInt (wORD_SIZE dflags))) (OpReg rsp),
                                    DELTA (delta - wORD_SIZE dflags) ])

        -- push the stack args, right to left
        push_code <- push_args (reverse stack_args) nilOL
        -- On Win64, we also have to leave stack space for the arguments
        -- that we are passing in registers
        lss_code <- if platformOS platform == OSMinGW32
                    then leaveStackSpace (length (allArgRegs platform))
                    else return nilOL
        delta <- getDeltaNat

        -- deal with static vs dynamic call targets
        (callinsns,_cconv) <-
          case target of
            ForeignTarget (CmmLit (CmmLabel lbl)) conv
               -> -- ToDo: stdcall arg sizes
                  return (unitOL (CALL (Left fn_imm) arg_regs), conv)
               where fn_imm = ImmCLbl lbl
            ForeignTarget expr conv
               -> do (dyn_r, dyn_c) <- getSomeReg expr
                     return (dyn_c `snocOL` CALL (Right dyn_r) arg_regs, conv)
            PrimTarget _
                -> panic $ "genCCall: Can't handle PrimTarget call type here, error "
                            ++ "probably because too many return values."

        let
            -- The x86_64 ABI requires us to set %al to the number of SSE2
            -- registers that contain arguments, if the called routine
            -- is a varargs function.  We don't know whether it's a
            -- varargs function or not, so we have to assume it is.
            --
            -- It's not safe to omit this assignment, even if the number
            -- of SSE2 regs in use is zero.  If %al is larger than 8
            -- on entry to a varargs function, seg faults ensue.
            assign_eax n = unitOL (MOV II32 (OpImm (ImmInt n)) (OpReg eax))

        let call = callinsns `appOL`
                   toOL (
                        -- Deallocate parameters after call for ccall;
                        -- stdcall has callee do it, but is not supported on
                        -- x86_64 target (see #3336)
                      (if real_size==0 then [] else
                       [ADD (intFormat (wordWidth dflags)) (OpImm (ImmInt real_size)) (OpReg esp)])
                      ++
                      [DELTA (delta + real_size)]
                   )
        setDeltaNat (delta + real_size)

        let
            -- assign the results, if necessary
            assign_code []     = nilOL
            assign_code [dest] =
              case typeWidth rep of
                    W32 | isFloatType rep -> unitOL (MOV (floatFormat W32)
                                                         (OpReg xmm0)
                                                         (OpReg r_dest))
                    W64 | isFloatType rep -> unitOL (MOV (floatFormat W64)
                                                         (OpReg xmm0)
                                                         (OpReg r_dest))
                    _ -> unitOL (MOV (cmmTypeFormat rep) (OpReg rax) (OpReg r_dest))
              where
                    rep = localRegType dest
                    r_dest = getRegisterReg platform True (CmmLocal dest)
            assign_code _many = panic "genCCall.assign_code many"

        return (adjust_rsp          `appOL`
                push_code           `appOL`
                load_args_code      `appOL`
                assign_args_code    `appOL`
                lss_code            `appOL`
                assign_eax sse_regs `appOL`
                call                `appOL`
                assign_code dest_regs)

      where platform = targetPlatform dflags
            arg_size = 8 -- always, at the mo

            load_args :: [CmmExpr]
                      -> [Reg]         -- int regs avail for args
                      -> [Reg]         -- FP regs avail for args
                      -> InstrBlock    -- code computing args
                      -> InstrBlock    -- code assigning args to ABI regs
                      -> NatM ([CmmExpr],[Reg],[Reg],InstrBlock,InstrBlock)
            -- no more regs to use
            load_args args [] [] code acode     =
                return (args, [], [], code, acode)

            -- no more args to push
            load_args [] aregs fregs code acode =
                return ([], aregs, fregs, code, acode)

            load_args (arg : rest) aregs fregs code acode
                | isFloatType arg_rep = case fregs of
                     []     -> push_this_arg
                     (r:rs) -> do
                        (code',acode') <- reg_this_arg r
                        load_args rest aregs rs code' acode'
                | otherwise           = case aregs of
                     []     -> push_this_arg
                     (r:rs) -> do
                        (code',acode') <- reg_this_arg r
                        load_args rest rs fregs code' acode'
                where

                  -- put arg into the list of stack pushed args
                  push_this_arg = do
                     (args',ars,frs,code',acode')
                         <- load_args rest aregs fregs code acode
                     return (arg:args', ars, frs, code', acode')

                  -- pass the arg into the given register
                  reg_this_arg r
                    -- "operand" args can be directly assigned into r
                    | isOperand False arg = do
                        arg_code <- getAnyReg arg
                        return (code, (acode `appOL` arg_code r))
                    -- The last non-operand arg can be directly assigned after its
                    -- computation without going into a temporary register
                    | all (isOperand False) rest = do
                        arg_code   <- getAnyReg arg
                        return (code `appOL` arg_code r,acode)

                    -- other args need to be computed beforehand to avoid clobbering
                    -- previously assigned registers used to pass parameters (see
                    -- #11792, #12614). They are assigned into temporary registers
                    -- and get assigned to proper call ABI registers after they all
                    -- have been computed.
                    | otherwise     = do
                        arg_code <- getAnyReg arg
                        tmp      <- getNewRegNat arg_fmt
                        let
                          code'  = code `appOL` arg_code tmp
                          acode' = acode `snocOL` reg2reg arg_fmt tmp r
                        return (code',acode')

                  arg_rep = cmmExprType dflags arg
                  arg_fmt = cmmTypeFormat arg_rep

            load_args_win :: [CmmExpr]
                          -> [Reg]        -- used int regs
                          -> [Reg]        -- used FP regs
                          -> [(Reg, Reg)] -- (int, FP) regs avail for args
                          -> InstrBlock
                          -> NatM ([CmmExpr],[Reg],[Reg],InstrBlock,InstrBlock)
            load_args_win args usedInt usedFP [] code
                = return (args, usedInt, usedFP, code, nilOL)
                -- no more regs to use
            load_args_win [] usedInt usedFP _ code
                = return ([], usedInt, usedFP, code, nilOL)
                -- no more args to push
            load_args_win (arg : rest) usedInt usedFP
                          ((ireg, freg) : regs) code
                | isFloatType arg_rep = do
                     arg_code <- getAnyReg arg
                     load_args_win rest (ireg : usedInt) (freg : usedFP) regs
                                   (code `appOL`
                                    arg_code freg `snocOL`
                                    -- If we are calling a varargs function
                                    -- then we need to define ireg as well
                                    -- as freg
                                    MOV II64 (OpReg freg) (OpReg ireg))
                | otherwise = do
                     arg_code <- getAnyReg arg
                     load_args_win rest (ireg : usedInt) usedFP regs
                                   (code `appOL` arg_code ireg)
                where
                  arg_rep = cmmExprType dflags arg

            push_args [] code = return code
            push_args (arg:rest) code
               | isFloatType arg_rep = do
                 (arg_reg, arg_code) <- getSomeReg arg
                 delta <- getDeltaNat
                 setDeltaNat (delta-arg_size)
                 let code' = code `appOL` arg_code `appOL` toOL [
                                SUB (intFormat (wordWidth dflags)) (OpImm (ImmInt arg_size)) (OpReg rsp),
                                DELTA (delta-arg_size),
                                MOV (floatFormat width) (OpReg arg_reg) (OpAddr (spRel dflags 0))]
                 push_args rest code'

               | otherwise = do
                 ASSERT(width == W64) return ()
                 (arg_op, arg_code) <- getOperand arg
                 delta <- getDeltaNat
                 setDeltaNat (delta-arg_size)
                 let code' = code `appOL` arg_code `appOL` toOL [
                                        PUSH II64 arg_op,
                                        DELTA (delta-arg_size)]
                 push_args rest code'
                where
                  arg_rep = cmmExprType dflags arg
                  width = typeWidth arg_rep

            leaveStackSpace n = do
                 delta <- getDeltaNat
                 setDeltaNat (delta - n * arg_size)
                 return $ toOL [
                             SUB II64 (OpImm (ImmInt (n * wORD_SIZE dflags))) (OpReg rsp),
                             DELTA (delta - n * arg_size)]

    maybePromoteCArg :: DynFlags -> Width -> CmmExpr -> CmmExpr
    maybePromoteCArg dflags wto arg
     | wfrom < wto = CmmMachOp (MO_UU_Conv wfrom wto) [arg]
     | otherwise   = arg
     where
       wfrom = cmmExprWidth dflags arg

    outOfLineCmmOp :: CallishMachOp -> Maybe CmmFormal -> [CmmActual] -> NatM InstrBlock
    outOfLineCmmOp mop res args
      = do
          dflags <- getDynFlags
          targetExpr <- cmmMakeDynamicReference dflags CallReference lbl
          let target = ForeignTarget targetExpr
                               (ForeignConvention CCallConv [] [] CmmMayReturn)

          stmtToInstrs (CmmUnsafeForeignCall target (catMaybes [res]) args)
      where
            -- Assume we can call these functions directly, and that they're not in a dynamic library.
            -- TODO: Why is this ok? Under linux this code will be in libm.so
            --       Is it because they're really implemented as a primitive instruction by the assembler??  -- BL 2009/12/31
            lbl = mkForeignLabel fn Nothing ForeignLabelInThisPackage IsFunction

            fn = case mop of
                  MO_F32_Sqrt  -> fsLit "sqrtf"
                  MO_F32_Fabs  -> fsLit "fabsf"
                  MO_F32_Sin   -> fsLit "sinf"
                  MO_F32_Cos   -> fsLit "cosf"
                  MO_F32_Tan   -> fsLit "tanf"
                  MO_F32_Exp   -> fsLit "expf"
                  MO_F32_Log   -> fsLit "logf"

                  MO_F32_Asin  -> fsLit "asinf"
                  MO_F32_Acos  -> fsLit "acosf"
                  MO_F32_Atan  -> fsLit "atanf"

                  MO_F32_Sinh  -> fsLit "sinhf"
                  MO_F32_Cosh  -> fsLit "coshf"
                  MO_F32_Tanh  -> fsLit "tanhf"
                  MO_F32_Pwr   -> fsLit "powf"

                  MO_F64_Sqrt  -> fsLit "sqrt"
                  MO_F64_Fabs  -> fsLit "fabs"
                  MO_F64_Sin   -> fsLit "sin"
                  MO_F64_Cos   -> fsLit "cos"
                  MO_F64_Tan   -> fsLit "tan"
                  MO_F64_Exp   -> fsLit "exp"
                  MO_F64_Log   -> fsLit "log"

                  MO_F64_Asin  -> fsLit "asin"
                  MO_F64_Acos  -> fsLit "acos"
                  MO_F64_Atan  -> fsLit "atan"

                  MO_F64_Sinh  -> fsLit "sinh"
                  MO_F64_Cosh  -> fsLit "cosh"
                  MO_F64_Tanh  -> fsLit "tanh"
                  MO_F64_Pwr   -> fsLit "pow"

                  MO_Memcpy _  -> fsLit "memcpy"
                  MO_Memset _  -> fsLit "memset"
                  MO_Memmove _ -> fsLit "memmove"

                  MO_PopCnt _  -> fsLit "popcnt"
                  MO_BSwap _   -> fsLit "bswap"
                  MO_Clz w     -> fsLit $ clzLabel w
                  MO_Ctz _     -> unsupported

                  MO_AtomicRMW _ _ -> fsLit "atomicrmw"
                  MO_AtomicRead _  -> fsLit "atomicread"
                  MO_AtomicWrite _ -> fsLit "atomicwrite"
                  MO_Cmpxchg _     -> fsLit "cmpxchg"

                  MO_UF_Conv _ -> unsupported

                  MO_S_QuotRem {}  -> unsupported
                  MO_U_QuotRem {}  -> unsupported
                  MO_U_QuotRem2 {} -> unsupported
                  MO_Add2 {}       -> unsupported
                  MO_AddIntC {}    -> unsupported
                  MO_SubIntC {}    -> unsupported
                  MO_SubWordC {}   -> unsupported
                  MO_U_Mul2 {}     -> unsupported
                  MO_WriteBarrier  -> unsupported
                  MO_Touch         -> unsupported
                  (MO_Prefetch_Data _ ) -> unsupported
            unsupported = panic ("outOfLineCmmOp: " ++ show mop
                              ++ " not supported here")

    -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- Generating a table-branch

    genSwitch :: DynFlags -> CmmExpr -> SwitchTargets -> NatM InstrBlock

    genSwitch dflags expr targets
      | positionIndependent dflags
      = do
            (reg,e_code) <- getNonClobberedReg (cmmOffset dflags expr offset)
               -- getNonClobberedReg because it needs to survive across t_code
            lbl <- getNewLabelNat
            dflags <- getDynFlags
            let is32bit = target32Bit (targetPlatform dflags)
                os = platformOS (targetPlatform dflags)
                -- Might want to use .rodata.<function we're in> instead, but as
                -- long as it's something unique it'll work out since the
                -- references to the jump table are in the appropriate section.
                rosection = case os of
                  -- on Mac OS X/x86_64, put the jump table in the text section to
                  -- work around a limitation of the linker.
                  -- ld64 is unable to handle the relocations for
                  --     .quad L1 - L0
                  -- if L0 is not preceded by a non-anonymous label in its section.
                  OSDarwin | not is32bit -> Section Text lbl
                  _ -> Section ReadOnlyData lbl
            dynRef <- cmmMakeDynamicReference dflags DataReference lbl
            (tableReg,t_code) <- getSomeReg $ dynRef
            let op = OpAddr (AddrBaseIndex (EABaseReg tableReg)
                                           (EAIndex reg (wORD_SIZE dflags)) (ImmInt 0))

            offsetReg <- getNewRegNat (intFormat (wordWidth dflags))
            return $ if is32bit || os == OSDarwin
                     then e_code `appOL` t_code `appOL` toOL [
                                    ADD (intFormat (wordWidth dflags)) op (OpReg tableReg),
                                    JMP_TBL (OpReg tableReg) ids rosection lbl
                           ]
                     else -- HACK: On x86_64 binutils<2.17 is only able to generate
                          -- PC32 relocations, hence we only get 32-bit offsets in
                          -- the jump table. As these offsets are always negative
                          -- we need to properly sign extend them to 64-bit. This
                          -- hack should be removed in conjunction with the hack in
                          -- PprMach.hs/pprDataItem once binutils 2.17 is standard.
                          e_code `appOL` t_code `appOL` toOL [
                                   MOVSxL II32 op (OpReg offsetReg),
                                   ADD (intFormat (wordWidth dflags))
                                       (OpReg offsetReg)
                                       (OpReg tableReg),
                                   JMP_TBL (OpReg tableReg) ids rosection lbl
                           ]
      | otherwise
      = do
            (reg,e_code) <- getSomeReg (cmmOffset dflags expr offset)
            lbl <- getNewLabelNat
            let op = OpAddr (AddrBaseIndex EABaseNone (EAIndex reg (wORD_SIZE dflags)) (ImmCLbl lbl))
                code = e_code `appOL` toOL [
                        JMP_TBL op ids (Section ReadOnlyData lbl) lbl
                     ]
            return code
      where (offset, ids) = switchTargetsToTable targets

    generateJumpTableForInstr :: DynFlags -> Instr -> Maybe (NatCmmDecl (Alignment, CmmStatics) Instr)
    generateJumpTableForInstr dflags (JMP_TBL _ ids section lbl)
        = Just (createJumpTable dflags ids section lbl)
    generateJumpTableForInstr _ _ = Nothing

    createJumpTable :: DynFlags -> [Maybe BlockId] -> Section -> CLabel
                    -> GenCmmDecl (Alignment, CmmStatics) h g
    createJumpTable dflags ids section lbl
        = let jumpTable
                | positionIndependent dflags =
                      let jumpTableEntryRel Nothing
                              = CmmStaticLit (CmmInt 0 (wordWidth dflags))
                          jumpTableEntryRel (Just blockid)
                              = CmmStaticLit (CmmLabelDiffOff blockLabel lbl 0)
                              where blockLabel = mkAsmTempLabel (getUnique blockid)
                      in map jumpTableEntryRel ids
                | otherwise = map (jumpTableEntry dflags) ids
          in CmmData section (1, Statics lbl jumpTable)

    extractUnwindPoints :: [Instr] -> [UnwindPoint]
    extractUnwindPoints instrs =
        [ UnwindPoint lbl unwinds | UNWIND lbl unwinds <- instrs]

    -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- 'condIntReg' and 'condFltReg': condition codes into registers

    -- Turn those condition codes into integers now (when they appear on
    -- the right hand side of an assignment).
    --
    -- (If applicable) Do not fill the delay slots here; you will confuse the
    -- register allocator.

    condIntReg :: Cond -> CmmExpr -> CmmExpr -> NatM Register

    condIntReg cond x y = do
      CondCode _ cond cond_code <- condIntCode cond x y
      tmp <- getNewRegNat II8
      let
            code dst = cond_code `appOL` toOL [
                        SETCC cond (OpReg tmp),
                        MOVZxL II8 (OpReg tmp) (OpReg dst)
                      ]
      return (Any II32 code)

    condFltReg :: Bool -> Cond -> CmmExpr -> CmmExpr -> NatM Register
    condFltReg is32Bit cond x y = if_sse2 condFltReg_sse2 condFltReg_x87
     where
      condFltReg_x87 = do
        CondCode _ cond cond_code <- condFltCode cond x y
        tmp <- getNewRegNat II8
        let
            code dst = cond_code `appOL` toOL [
                        SETCC cond (OpReg tmp),
                        MOVZxL II8 (OpReg tmp) (OpReg dst)
                      ]
        return (Any II32 code)

      condFltReg_sse2 = do
        CondCode _ cond cond_code <- condFltCode cond x y
        tmp1 <- getNewRegNat (archWordFormat is32Bit)
        tmp2 <- getNewRegNat (archWordFormat is32Bit)
        let
            -- We have to worry about unordered operands (eg. comparisons
            -- against NaN).  If the operands are unordered, the comparison
            -- sets the parity flag, carry flag and zero flag.
            -- All comparisons are supposed to return false for unordered
            -- operands except for !=, which returns true.
            --
            -- Optimisation: we don't have to test the parity flag if we
            -- know the test has already excluded the unordered case: eg >
            -- and >= test for a zero carry flag, which can only occur for
            -- ordered operands.
            --
            -- ToDo: by reversing comparisons we could avoid testing the
            -- parity flag in more cases.

            code dst =
               cond_code `appOL`
                 (case cond of
                    NE  -> or_unordered dst
                    GU  -> plain_test   dst
                    GEU -> plain_test   dst
                    _   -> and_ordered  dst)

            plain_test dst = toOL [
                        SETCC cond (OpReg tmp1),
                        MOVZxL II8 (OpReg tmp1) (OpReg dst)
                     ]
            or_unordered dst = toOL [
                        SETCC cond (OpReg tmp1),
                        SETCC PARITY (OpReg tmp2),
                        OR II8 (OpReg tmp1) (OpReg tmp2),
                        MOVZxL II8 (OpReg tmp2) (OpReg dst)
                      ]
            and_ordered dst = toOL [
                        SETCC cond (OpReg tmp1),
                        SETCC NOTPARITY (OpReg tmp2),
                        AND II8 (OpReg tmp1) (OpReg tmp2),
                        MOVZxL II8 (OpReg tmp2) (OpReg dst)
                      ]
        return (Any II32 code)

    -- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
    -- 'trivial*Code': deal with trivial instructions

    -- Trivial (dyadic: 'trivialCode', floating-point: 'trivialFCode',
    -- unary: 'trivialUCode', unary fl-pt:'trivialUFCode') instructions.
    -- Only look for constants on the right hand side, because that's
    -- where the generic optimizer will have put them.

    -- Similarly, for unary instructions, we don't have to worry about
    -- matching an StInt as the argument, because genericOpt will already
    -- have handled the constant-folding.

    {-
    The Rules of the Game are:

    * You cannot assume anything about the destination register dst;
      it may be anything, including a fixed reg.

    * You may compute an operand into a fixed reg, but you may not
      subsequently change the contents of that fixed reg.  If you
      want to do so, first copy the value either to a temporary
      or into dst.  You are free to modify dst even if it happens
      to be a fixed reg -- that's not your problem.

    * You cannot assume that a fixed reg will stay live over an
      arbitrary computation.  The same applies to the dst reg.

    * Temporary regs obtained from getNewRegNat are distinct from
      each other and from all other regs, and stay live over
      arbitrary computations.

    --------------------

    SDM's version of The Rules:

    * If getRegister returns Any, that means it can generate correct
      code which places the result in any register, period.  Even if that
      register happens to be read during the computation.

      Corollary #1: this means that if you are generating code for an
      operation with two arbitrary operands, you cannot assign the result
      of the first operand into the destination register before computing
      the second operand.  The second operand might require the old value
      of the destination register.

      Corollary #2: A function might be able to generate more efficient
      code if it knows the destination register is a new temporary (and
      therefore not read by any of the sub-computations).

    * If getRegister returns Any, then the code it generates may modify only:
            (a) fresh temporaries
            (b) the destination register
            (c) known registers (eg. %ecx is used by shifts)
      In particular, it may *not* modify global registers, unless the global
      register happens to be the destination register.
    -}

    trivialCode :: Width -> (Operand -> Operand -> Instr)
                -> Maybe (Operand -> Operand -> Instr)
                -> CmmExpr -> CmmExpr -> NatM Register
    trivialCode width instr m a b
        = do is32Bit <- is32BitPlatform
             trivialCode' is32Bit width instr m a b

    trivialCode' :: Bool -> Width -> (Operand -> Operand -> Instr)
                 -> Maybe (Operand -> Operand -> Instr)
                 -> CmmExpr -> CmmExpr -> NatM Register
    trivialCode' is32Bit width _ (Just revinstr) (CmmLit lit_a) b
      | is32BitLit is32Bit lit_a = do
      b_code <- getAnyReg b
      let
           code dst
             = b_code dst `snocOL`
               revinstr (OpImm (litToImm lit_a)) (OpReg dst)
      return (Any (intFormat width) code)

    trivialCode' _ width instr _ a b
      = genTrivialCode (intFormat width) instr a b

    -- This is re-used for floating pt instructions too.
    genTrivialCode :: Format -> (Operand -> Operand -> Instr)
                   -> CmmExpr -> CmmExpr -> NatM Register
    genTrivialCode rep instr a b = do
      (b_op, b_code) <- getNonClobberedOperand b
      a_code <- getAnyReg a
      tmp <- getNewRegNat rep
      let
         -- We want the value of b to stay alive across the computation of a.
         -- But, we want to calculate a straight into the destination register,
         -- because the instruction only has two operands (dst := dst `op` src).
         -- The troublesome case is when the result of b is in the same register
         -- as the destination reg.  In this case, we have to save b in a
         -- new temporary across the computation of a.
         code dst
            | dst `regClashesWithOp` b_op =
                    b_code `appOL`
                    unitOL (MOV rep b_op (OpReg tmp)) `appOL`
                    a_code dst `snocOL`
                    instr (OpReg tmp) (OpReg dst)
            | otherwise =
                    b_code `appOL`
                    a_code dst `snocOL`
                    instr b_op (OpReg dst)
      return (Any rep code)

    regClashesWithOp :: Reg -> Operand -> Bool
    reg `regClashesWithOp` OpReg reg2   = reg == reg2
    reg `regClashesWithOp` OpAddr amode = any (==reg) (addrModeRegs amode)
    _   `regClashesWithOp` _            = False

    -----------

    trivialUCode :: Format -> (Operand -> Instr)
                 -> CmmExpr -> NatM Register
    trivialUCode rep instr x = do
      x_code <- getAnyReg x
      let
         code dst =
            x_code dst `snocOL`
            instr (OpReg dst)
      return (Any rep code)

    -----------

    trivialFCode_x87 :: (Format -> Reg -> Reg -> Reg -> Instr)
                     -> CmmExpr -> CmmExpr -> NatM Register
    trivialFCode_x87 instr x y = do
      (x_reg, x_code) <- getNonClobberedReg x -- these work for float regs too
      (y_reg, y_code) <- getSomeReg y
      let
         format = FF80 -- always, on x87
         code dst =
            x_code `appOL`
            y_code `snocOL`
            instr format x_reg y_reg dst
      return (Any format code)

    trivialFCode_sse2 :: Width -> (Format -> Operand -> Operand -> Instr)
                      -> CmmExpr -> CmmExpr -> NatM Register
    trivialFCode_sse2 pk instr x y
        = genTrivialCode format (instr format) x y
        where format = floatFormat pk

    trivialUFCode :: Format -> (Reg -> Reg -> Instr) -> CmmExpr -> NatM Register
    trivialUFCode format instr x = do
      (x_reg, x_code) <- getSomeReg x
      let
         code dst =
            x_code `snocOL`
            instr x_reg dst
      return (Any format code)

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    coerceInt2FP :: Width -> Width -> CmmExpr -> NatM Register
    coerceInt2FP from to x = if_sse2 coerce_sse2 coerce_x87
     where
       coerce_x87 = do
         (x_reg, x_code) <- getSomeReg x
         let
               opc  = case to of W32 -> GITOF; W64 -> GITOD;
                                 n -> panic $ "coerceInt2FP.x87: unhandled width ("
                                             ++ show n ++ ")"
               code dst = x_code `snocOL` opc x_reg dst
            -- ToDo: works for non-II32 reps?
         return (Any FF80 code)

       coerce_sse2 = do
         (x_op, x_code) <- getOperand x  -- ToDo: could be a safe operand
         let
               opc  = case to of W32 -> CVTSI2SS; W64 -> CVTSI2SD
                                 n -> panic $ "coerceInt2FP.sse: unhandled width ("
                                             ++ show n ++ ")"
               code dst = x_code `snocOL` opc (intFormat from) x_op dst
         return (Any (floatFormat to) code)
            -- works even if the destination rep is <II32

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    coerceFP2Int :: Width -> Width -> CmmExpr -> NatM Register
    coerceFP2Int from to x = if_sse2 coerceFP2Int_sse2 coerceFP2Int_x87
     where
       coerceFP2Int_x87 = do
         (x_reg, x_code) <- getSomeReg x
         let
               opc  = case from of W32 -> GFTOI; W64 -> GDTOI
                                   n -> panic $ "coerceFP2Int.x87: unhandled width ("
                                               ++ show n ++ ")"
               code dst = x_code `snocOL` opc x_reg dst
            -- ToDo: works for non-II32 reps?
         return (Any (intFormat to) code)

       coerceFP2Int_sse2 = do
         (x_op, x_code) <- getOperand x  -- ToDo: could be a safe operand
         let
               opc  = case from of W32 -> CVTTSS2SIQ; W64 -> CVTTSD2SIQ;
                                   n -> panic $ "coerceFP2Init.sse: unhandled width ("
                                               ++ show n ++ ")"
               code dst = x_code `snocOL` opc (intFormat to) x_op dst
         return (Any (intFormat to) code)
             -- works even if the destination rep is <II32

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    coerceFP2FP :: Width -> CmmExpr -> NatM Register
    coerceFP2FP to x = do
      use_sse2 <- sse2Enabled
      (x_reg, x_code) <- getSomeReg x
      let
            opc | use_sse2  = case to of W32 -> CVTSD2SS; W64 -> CVTSS2SD;
                                         n -> panic $ "coerceFP2FP: unhandled width ("
                                                     ++ show n ++ ")"
                | otherwise = GDTOF
            code dst = x_code `snocOL` opc x_reg dst
      return (Any (if use_sse2 then floatFormat to else FF80) code)

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    sse2NegCode :: Width -> CmmExpr -> NatM Register
    sse2NegCode w x = do
      let fmt = floatFormat w
      x_code <- getAnyReg x
      -- This is how gcc does it, so it can't be that bad:
      let
        const = case fmt of
          FF32 -> CmmInt 0x80000000 W32
          FF64 -> CmmInt 0x8000000000000000 W64
          x@II8  -> wrongFmt x
          x@II16 -> wrongFmt x
          x@II32 -> wrongFmt x
          x@II64 -> wrongFmt x
          x@FF80 -> wrongFmt x
          where
            wrongFmt x = panic $ "sse2NegCode: " ++ show x
      Amode amode amode_code <- memConstant (widthInBytes w) const
      tmp <- getNewRegNat fmt
      let
        code dst = x_code dst `appOL` amode_code `appOL` toOL [
            MOV fmt (OpAddr amode) (OpReg tmp),
            XOR fmt (OpReg tmp) (OpReg dst)
            ]
      --
      return (Any fmt code)

    isVecExpr :: CmmExpr -> Bool
    isVecExpr (CmmMachOp (MO_V_Insert {}) _)   = True
    isVecExpr (CmmMachOp (MO_V_Extract {}) _)  = True
    isVecExpr (CmmMachOp (MO_V_Add {}) _)      = True
    isVecExpr (CmmMachOp (MO_V_Sub {}) _)      = True
    isVecExpr (CmmMachOp (MO_V_Mul {}) _)      = True
    isVecExpr (CmmMachOp (MO_VS_Quot {}) _)    = True
    isVecExpr (CmmMachOp (MO_VS_Rem {}) _)     = True
    isVecExpr (CmmMachOp (MO_VS_Neg {}) _)     = True
    isVecExpr (CmmMachOp (MO_VF_Insert {}) _)  = True
    isVecExpr (CmmMachOp (MO_VF_Extract {}) _) = True
    isVecExpr (CmmMachOp (MO_VF_Add {}) _)     = True
    isVecExpr (CmmMachOp (MO_VF_Sub {}) _)     = True
    isVecExpr (CmmMachOp (MO_VF_Mul {}) _)     = True
    isVecExpr (CmmMachOp (MO_VF_Quot {}) _)    = True
    isVecExpr (CmmMachOp (MO_VF_Neg {}) _)     = True
    isVecExpr (CmmMachOp _ [e])                = isVecExpr e
    isVecExpr _                                = False

    needLlvm :: NatM a
    needLlvm =
        sorry $ unlines ["The native code generator does not support vector"
                        ,"instructions. Please use -fllvm."]